{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T01:10:37Z","timestamp":1772845837566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroepidemiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Introduction:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Cerebral palsy (CP) is a nonprogressive movement disorder resulting from a prenatal or perinatal brain injury that benefits from early diagnosis and intervention. The timing of early CP diagnosis remains controversial, necessitating analysis of clinical features in a substantial cohort. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; We retrospectively reviewed medical records from a university hospital, focusing on children aged \u226524 months or followed up for \u226524 months and adhering to the International Classification of Diseases-10 for diagnosis and subtyping. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; Among the 2012 confirmed CP cases, 68.84% were male and 51.44% had spastic diplegia. Based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), 62.38% were in levels I and II and 19.88% were in levels IV and V. Hemiplegic and diplegic subtypes predominantly fell into levels I and II, while quadriplegic and mixed types were mainly levels IV and V. White matter injuries appeared in 46.58% of cranial MRI findings, while maldevelopment was rare (7.05%). Intellectual disability co-occurred in 43.44% of the CP cases, with hemiplegia having the lowest co-occurrence (20.28%, 58\/286) and mixed types having the highest co-occurrence (73.85%, 48\/65). Additionally, 51.67% (697\/1,349) of the children with CP aged \u226548 months had comorbidities. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;\/b&gt; This study underscores white matter injury as the primary CP pathology and identifies intellectual disability as a common comorbidity. Although CP can be identified in infants under 1 year old, precision in diagnosis improves with development. These insights inform early detection and tailored interventions, emphasizing their crucial role in CP management. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000539002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T21:00:42Z","timestamp":1713474042000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cerebral Palsy Heterogeneity: Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Significance from a Large-Sample 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