{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:00:33Z","timestamp":1788310833453,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Addict Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<b><i>Introduction:<\/i><\/b> Over the past decade, frequent use of large quantities of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2<\/sub>O) has become more common in the Netherlands. Although N<sub>2<\/sub>O poses several negative health consequences for a subgroup of problematic N<sub>2<\/sub>O users, there is a lack of knowledge on what characterizes these intensive users. This study therefore aims to provide the demographic and substance use characteristics and experiences during treatment of treatment seeking problematic N<sub>2<\/sub>O users and to compare this with a matched group of treatment-seeking problematic cocaine users. <b><i>Methods:<\/i><\/b> A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who were referred for treatment of problematic N<sub>2<\/sub>O use at a large Dutch addiction care facility from January 2020 to September 2022, extracting demographics, pattern of use and follow-up data. Additionally, a subgroup of N<sub>2<\/sub>O users was propensity-score matched (1:1) with a subgroup of treatment seeking problematic cocaine users, both groups excluding users with substance use disorders or frequent use of substances other than N<sub>2<\/sub>O and cocaine, respectively. <b><i>Results:<\/i><\/b> 128 patients with a N<sub>2<\/sub>O use disorder were included in the total sample and a subgroup of 77 N<sub>2<\/sub>O-only users was propensity-score matched on age and sex to 77 cocaine-only users. N<sub>2<\/sub>O users were typically young (mean age 26.2 years), male (66.4%), unmarried (82.9%), with a low education level (59.0%) and born in the Netherlands (88.2%), with parents born in Morocco (45.3%). N<sub>2<\/sub>O was used intermittently (median 10 days\/month, IQR 4.0\u201317.5 days) and often in very large quantities (median 5 kg [ca. 750 balloons] per average using day, IQR 2\u201310 kg). Compared to the patients with a cocaine use disorder, matched N<sub>2<\/sub>O users were lower educated, more often from Moroccan descent, and less likely to be alcohol or polysubstance users. Despite receiving similar treatments, N<sub>2<\/sub>O users were twice as likely to discontinue treatment before completion compared to cocaine users (63 vs. 35%, <i>p<\/i> = 0.004). <b><i>Conclusion:<\/i><\/b> Treatment-seeking problematic N<sub>2<\/sub>O users are demographically different from treatment-seeking problematic cocaine users and are much more likely to dropout from psychological treatment. Further research is needed into the needs and other factors of problematic N<sub>2<\/sub>O users that relate to poor treatment adherence in problematic N<sub>2<\/sub>O users. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000539860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T21:15:42Z","timestamp":1721682942000},"page":"223-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Treatment Seeking Nitrous Oxide Users in Addiction Care: A Comparison with Cocaine Users on Clinical and Treatment Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Sebastiaan O.","family":"Verboeket","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"van den Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"van Amsterdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ton","family":"Nabben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Goudriaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116632375"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12372"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103519"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.10.017"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115574"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16380"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16430"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2019.08.014"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1997.10400180"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4415\/ANN_16_02_08"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119882532"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2019.80.431"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314747"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2402"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1573210"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211002511"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000530123"}],"container-title":["European Addiction Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/ear\/article-pdf\/30\/4\/223\/4263619\/000539860.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/ear\/article-pdf\/30\/4\/223\/4263619\/000539860.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:26:12Z","timestamp":1745421972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000539860"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000539860","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.26055961","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1022-6877","1421-9891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1022-6877","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}