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Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroimmunomodulation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: From the original studies investigating the effects of adrenal gland secretion to modern high-throughput multidimensional analyses, stress research has been a topic of scientific interest spanning just over a century. Summary: The objective of this review was to provide historical context for influential discoveries, surprising findings, and preclinical models in stress-related neuroimmune research. Furthermore, we summarize this work and present a current understanding of the stress pathways and their effects on the immune system and behavior. We focus on recent work demonstrating stress-induced immune changes within the brain and highlight studies investigating stress effects on microglia. Lastly, we conclude with potential areas for future investigation concerning microglia heterogeneity, bone marrow niches, and sex differences. Key Messages: Stress is a phenomenon that ties together not only the central and peripheral nervous system, but the immune system as well. The cumulative effects of stress can enhance or suppress immune function, based on the intensity and duration of the stressor. These stress-induced immune alterations are associated with neurobiological changes, including structural remodeling of neurons and decreased neurogenesis, and these contribute to the development of behavioral and cognitive deficits. As such, research in this field has revealed important insights into neuroimmune communication as well as molecular and cellular mediators of complex behaviors relevant to psychiatric disorders. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000541592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T16:01:25Z","timestamp":1728057685000},"page":"211-229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neuroimmunomodulation: The History of Science in Psychoneuroimmunology"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Bosis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric 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