{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:22:59Z","timestamp":1768987379345,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Allergy Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Current understanding of the immune landscape underlying allergic conjunctivitis (AC) remains rather limited. We investigated the potential association between circulating immunophenotypes and AC using Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology. Methods: Based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary-level statistics, a 2-sample MR was employed to analyze the bidirectional causal relationships between 731 circulating immunophenotypes and AC risk. Results: A total of 33 genetically predicted immunophenotypes were significantly associated with AC risk. A protective effect of 18 immunophenotypes against AC was found, such as CD3 on CD39+CD8br (inverse variance weighted [IVW] odds ratio [OR] = 0.936, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.925\u20130.985, p = 0.003) and CD25 on CD28+CD4+ (IVW OR = 0.921, 95% CI: 0.863\u20130.983, p = 0.013). Conversely, 15 immunophenotypes were found to be significantly associated with AC risk, such as CD25 on IgD\u2013CD38dim (IVW OR = 1.042, 95% CI: 1.012\u20131.073, p = 0.006). Reverse MR based on these 33 genetically predicted immunophenotypes suggested that AC also had a significant influence on four circulating immune cells, including CD33\u2013HLA DR\u2013AC (IVW OR = 1.187, 95% CI: 1.034\u20131.362, p = 0.015), CD3 on CD39+CD8br (IVW OR = 0.876, 95% CI: 0.779\u20130.985, p = 0.027), HLA DR on CD14+monocyte (IVW OR = 0.831, 95% CI: 0.725\u20130.953, p = 0.008), and CD39 on CD39+secreting Treg (IVW OR = 1.123, 95% CI: 1.002\u20131.259, p = 0.046). Conclusion: Our study highlights the intricate association between immune cells and AC, providing a valuable basis for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies from an immunological perspective. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000543848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T12:01:00Z","timestamp":1739188860000},"page":"833-850","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comprehensive Immune Landscape in Allergic Conjunctivitis: Insights from Mendelian Randomization 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