{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:07:24Z","timestamp":1783339644657,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Previous observational studies have suggested an association between vitamin D levels and the risk of cataracts. Whilst this correlation has been well reported, there is a lack of causal evidence. Methods: We first conducted an observational study using UK Biobank (UKBB) data to explore the correlation between vitamin D levels and deficiency with incident cataract. To assess causality, we then performed both one-sample and two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses. In the one-sample MR we used genetic risk scores (GRSs) reflecting a genetic predisposition to higher vitamin D levels and vitamin D deficiency, examining its association with incident cataract. In the two-sample MR, publicly available summary statistics for vitamin D levels and deficiency were used to investigate their relationship with cataract. Sensitivity analyses used a UKBB meta-analysis for vitamin D in a two-sample MR and a gene-focused analysis using variants in genes with a known role in vitamin D metabolism. Results: The observational analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between both vitamin D levels (OR = 0.998, ln(OR) SE = 3.23 \u00d7 10\u22124, p = 6.72 \u00d7 10\u221214) and deficiency (OR = 1.237, ln(OR) SE = 0.022, p = 9.05 \u00d7 10\u221223) with incident cataract risk. However, there was insufficient evidence to suggest an association between vitamin D supplementation and cataract risk (OR = 0.971, ln(OR) SE = 0.016, p = 0.057). Furthermore, no evidence was found in our one-sample MR analysis to suggest a causal relationship between vitamin D levels (OR = 1.001, ln(OR) SE = 0.002, p = 0.541) or vitamin D deficiency (OR = 1.095, ln(OR) SE = 0.145, p = 0.534) and incident cataract. The inverse variance weighted two-sample MR analysis also showed no evidence to suggest a causal association between vitamin D levels (IVW: OR = 1.122, 95% CI: 0.968\u20131.301, p = 0.125) or deficiency (IVW: OR = 0.987, 95% CI: 0.959\u20131.015, p = 0.344) and cataract risk, with consistent results observed using a multi-ethnic cataract cohort. Some evidence was observed between vitamin D levels and increasing cataract risk (weighted median OR = 1.076, 95% CI: 1.002\u20131.156, p = 0.045), however, due to sample overlap between the exposure and outcome, datasets should be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: Whilst we identified a correlative association between vitamin D levels and cataract, we found no robust evidence to support a causal relationship between vitamin D levels and deficiency with cataract risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000545332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T16:02:34Z","timestamp":1753200154000},"page":"454-465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Causal Relationship between Vitamin D Levels and Deficiency with the Risk of Cataract: A Mendelian Randomisation Study"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Munisa","family":"Hashimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasnat A.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander 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