{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:45:52Z","timestamp":1792842352192,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complex Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Caffeine is a widely consumed psychoactive compound that can cause anxiety and sleep difficulties, in part due to genetic variation. We investigated the association between caffeine consumption, psychological distress, and sleep difficulties in a genetically informative cohort of individuals with a history of depression. Methods: Survey data and genetic information were sourced from the Australian Genetics of Depression Study (AGDS [n = 20,689, %&lt;sub&gt;female&lt;\/sub&gt; = 75%, mean age = 43 \u00b1 15 years]). Associations between caffeine consumption and symptoms of distress and sleep disturbance, as well as 9 genetic variants associated with caffeine consumption behaviour, were assessed using linear regression. Results: The highest consumers of caffeine reported higher psychological distress measured by the Kessler 10 scale (\u03b2 = 1.21, SE = 0.25, p = 1.4 \u00d7 10\u22126) compared to the lowest consumers. Consumption was associated with 2 genetic variants with effect sizes \u223c0.35 additional caffeinated drinks\/day between opposite homozygotes (p &lt; 0.005). A deletion near MMS22L\/POU3F2 was associated with 10% increased odds of reporting caffeine susceptibility (OR = 1.1 per deletion [95% CI: 1.04\u20131.17], p = 0.002). Conclusions: Higher rates of caffeine consumption were associated with higher levels of psychological distress, but not insomnia, in individuals with a history of depression. While the direction of causality is unclear, caffeine consumption may be a modifiable factor to reduce distress in individuals susceptible to mental health problems. Some of the previous findings of common variant associations with caffeine consumption and susceptibility were replicated. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000545393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T18:08:05Z","timestamp":1742926085000},"page":"37-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Caffeine Consumption, Psychological Distress, and Insomnia in a Cohort of Individuals with Depression"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Harry A.","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleah J.","family":"Borgas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisreen","family":"Aouira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany 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