{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:21:43Z","timestamp":1790612503212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroepidemiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;p&gt;Objectives: This study aimed to assess the overall and cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in patients diagnosed with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Methods: A systematic review was conducted, focusing on studies that evaluated SMRs for all-causes and specific causes in PD patients compared to the general population. Searches were performed extensively in Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases to compile relevant literature. A meta-analysis was subsequently conducted to evaluate all-cause, sex-specific, region-specific, and cause-specific SMRs in individuals with PD. Results: Twenty-one studies including 26,114 PD patients and 10,247 deaths from 12 European, 4 Asian, 3 Oceanian, 1 North American, and 1 Middle Eastern country met the inclusion criteria. The overall SMR analysis revealed that PD patients exhibited a 1.617-fold higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to the general population (SMR 1.617, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.295\u20132.020, p &lt; 0.001). Region-specific analysis showed significant SMR increases across all regions. Sex-specific analysis indicated elevated SMRs for both women (SMR 1.702, 95% CI 1.426\u20132.033, p &lt; 0.001) and men (SMR 1.588, 95% CI 1.365\u20131.848, p &lt; 0.001). PD onset before 60 years of age was associated with a higher, albeit not statistically significant, SMR compared to onset after 60 (SMR 1.991, 95% CI 1.313\u20133.021 vs. SMR 1.589, 95% CI 1.109\u20132.277). Cause-specific analyses revealed significantly increased SMRs for pneumonia (SMR 3.414, 95% CI 2.227\u20135.234, p &lt; 0.001), cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) (SMR 1.484, 95% CI 1.048\u20132.102, p = 0.026), cardiovascular disease (SMR 1.449, 95% CI 1.156\u20131.816, p = 0.001), and suicide (SMR 2.049, 95% CI 1.383\u20133.035, p &lt; 0.001), with no significant increase observed for cancer-related mortality. Conclusion: These findings highlight the increased mortality risk in PD patients, particularly due to causes such as pneumonia and CVA. &lt;\/p&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000546136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T12:02:13Z","timestamp":1745928133000},"page":"398-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwan 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