{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T02:21:10Z","timestamp":1755224470909,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroendocrinology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pituitary adenomas (PAs), the most common intracranial neuroendocrine tumors, are typically benign. Among them, prolactinomas \u2013 tumors that secrete prolactin \u2013 account for approximately 60% of all PAs and are characterized by hyperprolactinemia and potential mass effects. Significant epidemiological and clinical differences exist between male and female prolactinoma patients. Summary: Prolactinomas in male patients tend to be larger and more aggressive, presenting unique challenges in treatment and management. Although dopamine agonists (DAs) remain the first-line therapy, men exhibit higher rates of DA resistance compared to women. For refractory prolactinomas in males, alternative treatments include temozolomide (TMZ), immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4), somatostatin receptor analogs, mTOR inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, bevacizumab, and aromatase inhibitors. These therapies may provide greater benefits to men with refractory prolactinomas than to women. Key Messages: Despite advancements, significant challenges and opportunities persist in managing male prolactinoma patients. Key areas requiring attention include early diagnosis, predicting drug responsiveness, understanding sex-specific molecular mechanisms, and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Large-scale clinical trials are crucial to further assess the efficacy and safety of these treatments in men. This review consolidates recent progress in medical therapies and management approaches for male prolactinoma patients. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000546443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T12:02:17Z","timestamp":1749729737000},"page":"657-677","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Drug Treatments for Male Patients with Prolactinomas"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5213-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1611-8228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe Bao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810772"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now130"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.5444"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09703-7"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3744"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-017-9498-z"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.04.002"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03667.x"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1692"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0503"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00886-5"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2022.2144230"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-023-01337-0"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1338345"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2021.0140"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2018.2018.0206"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.01.029"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad174"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-4-543"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2012.04351.x"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01124-1"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-9998"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101290"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01039-x"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.38"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.05.004"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0168"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/FHC.a2020.0014"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-01009-y"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58081095"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-01016-z"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.11.6.787"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1027905"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197910183011606"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198836010-00005"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.12.024"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2023.102883"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000495184"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0752-0741"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2021.104080"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-3-541"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00627"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14541"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0160"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1179551420926181"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.7.5810"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346388"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1702-5"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000452796"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1012884214668"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.1c00603"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1350548"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.07.004"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EDM-16-0028"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz144"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0217-3"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/enr-2022-0030"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0212-4"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2020.12.008"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01009-3"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-013-3816-0"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-008-0134-2"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2658"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03458.x"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa882"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-010-0290-z"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0121"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.33"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2023.102910"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02202"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09753-6"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343751"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00976-y"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-018-0231-9"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1638-9"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.07.013"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0279"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0359"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02461"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-023-01340-5"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0093-x"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa805"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020426"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP10026.CR"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-021-01165-0"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041437"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.576027"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-22-0440"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1996.04996.x"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0806"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1066-4592"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:20:3:265"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1641"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1476492"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-22-0419"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-20-0446"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0268-3"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10997"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54490-3_7"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0962"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab036"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-011-0346-8"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad098"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2012.04373.x"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6507.23.04058-7"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19699"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0013"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EDM-18-0092"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.6087"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.616339"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-021-01192-x"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0644"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0933"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1729"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.10.008"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.100"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0389"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318217161a"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2012.03.001"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2924"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4350"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/587893"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0979"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.082"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000768"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0795"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz211"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.774686"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab190"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1204206"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.8595"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001532"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030088"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14645"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-22-0647"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02611-x"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-018-2844-2"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000539345"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.608422"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-22-0037"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03310-0"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216162"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00706"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04522-6"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00978-w"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00953-5"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-023-01305-8"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01096-x"}],"container-title":["Neuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000546443","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000546443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T16:03:15Z","timestamp":1755014595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000546443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000546443","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3835","1423-0194"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0028-3835"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1423-0194"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}}}