{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:21:18Z","timestamp":1777486878826,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic utility of brain Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in anti-N-methyl-&lt;sc&gt;d&lt;\/sc&gt;-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDAR encephalitis) and analyze the relationship between clinical and brain MRI characteristics and disease prognosis. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on forty-six (59% female, median age: 24.5 years) clinically identified anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients from December 2012 to April 2022. All the patients underwent multiparametric MRI, with thirteen returning for follow-up. All the relevant clinical information was collected. The initial and follow-up brain MRI was sequentially analyzed for signal abnormalities, involvement of anatomy and structure, and brain\/structure atrophy by two experienced neuroradiologists. Additionally, the relationship between clinical and brain MRI features and prognosis was examined. Results: The most common symptom (33\/46, 72%) in anti-NMDAR encephalitis was aberrant psychiatric behavior. Five (10%) cases combined with other positive antibodies. Although 91% of patients with mRS &amp;gt;2 before treatment, a statistically significant decrease mRS were observed after treatment (mRS: 3.50 \u00b1 0.94 vs. mRS: 1.91 \u00b1 1.53, p &amp;lt; 0.001). More than half of the patients had abnormal MRI findings. T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintense lesions that involve the frontal lobe and the limbic system are the characteristic imaging predilection of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. On follow-up MRI, we noticed 5 patients with significant hippocampal atrophy. Further analysis showed that the hippocampal involvement was a significant factor in predicting worse mRS scores both before and after treatment (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusion: T2-FLAIR hyperintense lesions in the frontal lobe and the limbic system are indicative of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The involvement of the hippocampus is a risk factor for a poor prognosis. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000546521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T06:30:26Z","timestamp":1752474626000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical and Brain MRI Characteristics of Patients with Anti-N-Methyl-&lt;sc&gt;d&lt;\/sc&gt;-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A 10-Year Retrospective 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