{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T16:40:23Z","timestamp":1758559223281,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Addict Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: There is evidence that the appetite-regulating hormone insulin plays an important role in alcohol use disorder (AUD), in the sense that there is a negative correlation between insulin and alcohol craving, meaning that an increase in insulin levels leads to a reduction in acute craving. This suggests a promising approach for the acute reduction of craving in the treatment of patients with AUD, which could be achieved via an actively induced short-term increase in insulin levels, e.g., by glucose administration, and which has not yet been investigated in the form of a randomized controlled trial. Another aspect that has not yet been investigated is the role of the insulin-responder-type of each individual, i.e., the time until the insulin peak is reached, in this relationship. Methods: The randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study examined a glucose intake as acute treatment to reduce craving in 80 male and female patients with AUD. Dynamics in craving and insulin levels were assessed at 8 time points on each study visit before and after alcohol cue exposure, after treatment with glucose-respective placebo solution and during the subsequent observation phase. These changes were analyzed using linear mixed models. The insulin-responder-type (fast, normal, slow) of each person was taken into account, and possible interactions with the treatment were analyzed. Results: Linear mixed models revealed a significant interaction effect (F(2, 412.058) = 7.988, p &lt; 0.001) between treatment and insulin-responder-type on craving, with lower craving values in the glucose compared to the placebo condition in the normal insulin-responder-type group (i.e., insulin peak after glucose intake within 30 to 60 min, difference in means = \u22120.805, p = 0.003, 95% CI: \u22121.428, \u22120.182). In the contrary, in the fast insulin-responder-type group craving values were higher in the glucose compared to the placebo condition (difference in means = 1.143, p = 0.011, 95% CI: 0.378, 1.907). Slow insulin-responders showed no differences in craving levels depending on the treatment condition (difference in means = \u22120.124, p = 0.694, 95% CI: \u22120.741, 0.493). No main effect was found in the linear mixed models for baseline-centered insulin levels (F(1, 395.337) = 2.328, p = 0.128). Conclusions: Glucose intake may reduce craving in individuals with AUD who show a normal insulin response. Further research should consider the different insulin-responder-types and peak times to better understand the underlying mechanisms of craving reduction with glucose administration in the context of insulin elevation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000546648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T12:02:30Z","timestamp":1751716950000},"page":"251-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glucose Intake Reduces Craving in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder Depending on Insulin 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