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Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Innate Immun"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the urinary bladder, characterized by chronic pain, increased urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia. Currently, no therapeutic option consistently provides long-term relief for all IC\/BPS patients, likely due to the largely unknown mechanisms underlying the disease\u2019s development and progression. IC\/BPS is considered a multifactorial disorder with a complex pathobiology that ultimately leads to unresolved inflammation, bladder dysfunction, and pain. Summary: Recent research has highlighted chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, resulting from either increased production of reactive oxygen species or their inadequate elimination, as a significant feature of IC\/BPS. The frequent co-occurrence of IC\/BPS with other chronic diseases characterized by prolonged oxidative stress and subtle chronic inflammation, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic psychological stress, fibromyalgia, and irritable bowel syndrome, suggests a common underlying pathogenic pathway. Key Messages: In this review, we summarize key findings suggesting that oxidative stress and chronic inflammation play a part in the onset and progression of IC\/BPS. We explore how oxidative stress contributes to IC\/BPS through various mechanisms, including damage to bladder urothelial cells and mitochondria, the activation of innate immune signaling pathways, which together create a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation. Additionally, we discuss potential therapeutic options and novel drug candidates with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which could modulate regulatory pathways involved in disease development and provide long-term efficacy in IC\/BPS. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000546901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T12:02:33Z","timestamp":1750939353000},"page":"369-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Chronic Inflammation as Partners in Crime in Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain 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