{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:37:44Z","timestamp":1777901864577,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Allergy Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Connective tissue disease (CTD) commonly affects the lungs, with interstitial lung disease (ILD) as its main complication; although cyclophosphamide (CTX) is the standard immunosuppressant for CTD-ILD, the optimal route of administration (oral vs. intravenous) remains unclear. This research aimed to analyze the efficacy of oral and intravenous CTX in the treatment of CTD-ILD and analysis of its influencing factors. Methods: The CTX per oral group (PO group) and intravenous infusion of CTX group (IV group) were established. Clinical efficacy, pulmonary function indices, pulmonary high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scores, blood gas parameters, 6-min walking distance (6MWD), SGRQ scores, serum levels of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3), and interleukin-4 (IL-4), and adverse reactions were examined. Relevant factors influencing the clinical efficacy of CTD-ILD were analyzed. Results: After treatment, patients in the IV group exhibited lower HRCT score, SGRQ scores, and serum levels of KL-6 and IL-4 compared to those in the PO group. Conversely, the IV group had higher levels of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, FEV1\/FVC ratio, partial pressure of oxygen, 6MWD, 25(OH)D, and IFN-\u03b3. Higher serum levels of KL-6 and lower levels of 25(OH)D were associated with poorer treatment outcomes. Conclusion: For patients with CTD-ILD, intravenous infusion of CTX for 12 months demonstrates superior efficacy compared to oral administration, with a lower incidence of adverse reactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000547717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T16:00:52Z","timestamp":1754496052000},"page":"425-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Efficacy of Oral and Intravenous Cyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease and Analysis of Its Influencing Factors: A Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xichao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217230"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010908.pub2"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-01044-x"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-020-00383-w"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03090-y"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-016-3152-1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.04.007"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2016-2"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.15354"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.138461"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex226"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204424"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.005"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214819"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201308-1483ST"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1015-0"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200477"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2009-040GL"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2023.01.012"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel112"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200702-326OC"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10461"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-10-200905190-00004"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199810)41:103.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12754"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13452"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-3167-8"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214098"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0968"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386960-9.00011-3"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1737-2"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0838"}],"container-title":["International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000547717","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T17:01:33Z","timestamp":1774371693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000547717"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000547717","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.29840012","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1018-2438","1423-0097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-2438","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}