{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:04:54Z","timestamp":1788959094600,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Arch Allergy Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Microplastics (MPs) constitute an emerging category of environmental pollutants that have attracted considerable scientific scrutiny due to their widespread global distribution and documented health hazards. Importantly, these particles pose a threat to human health by disrupting epithelial barriers, which in turn heightens susceptibility to allergic sensitization and exacerbates pre-existing allergic conditions. Summary: This review consolidates contemporary evidence regarding the involvement of MPs in allergic diseases, focusing on their principal sources, such as environmental degradation and consumer products, as well as their exposure pathways, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. It elucidates the mechanisms by which MPs provoke immune disturbances \u2013 specifically Th2 polarization, alarmin release, and oxidative stress \u2013 that collectively contribute to allergic inflammation. Furthermore, the analysis underscores the epidemiological correlation between MPs and the increased incidence and severity of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, in alignment with the epithelial barrier hypothesis. Key Messages: MPs compromise epithelial barriers and promote type 2 inflammation. There is an urgent need to elucidate dose-dependent immunotoxicological mechanisms. Evidence-based policies are required to mitigate exposure and allergy burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000547873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T11:40:52Z","timestamp":1755171652000},"page":"547-562","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Microplastics on Allergy: Current Status and Future Research Directions"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Jia-qian","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-dong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35472-3"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175276"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070612"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109316"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-022-10539-1"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118386"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0232678"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-27581-2"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160953"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108889"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044136"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12030-008-9007-z"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144401"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154907"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.088"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113809"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135836"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115854"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03191"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120366"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1nr00038a"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.007"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24055001"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179950"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094559"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2023.100480"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132919"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106452"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168870"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14163384"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.05.066"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33100-8"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.405"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.03.019"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20440"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22885"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15240"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16221"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0554-4"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1509228"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2025.14939"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174482"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115771"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.05.021"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8723-y"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-023-00888-3"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2017.05.013"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2024.100471"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.029"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00385-9"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.banm.2020.10.001"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115785"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2024.104367"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244443"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161512"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126108"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.117689"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2024.78787.17037"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157886"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159030"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113353"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2021_507"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.024"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155275"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165607"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30801-4"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129439"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00512-8"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00203"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127508"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137676"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13704"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13503"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117394"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2024.2330962"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134354"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01517"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0968"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118535"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2023.0048"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-025-01206-9"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/sangyoeisei.2024-009-A"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125492"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.04.014"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24366"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134253"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.20-43"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117828"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115637"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489522"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136764"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16006"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1166389"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124382"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2023.07.013"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34804-x"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123473"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70014"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1547691X.2022.2143968"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.071"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142268"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.4.8887570"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.4c00081"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.122492"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4056"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140301"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135570"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126843"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135253"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-12430-7"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.178"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154907"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-023-00273-8"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.022"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113921"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.07.065"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118169"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113845"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411379"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20220024"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134900"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyad056"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft273"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171103"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.02.022"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02230-z"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08821-6"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119181"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118928"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2023.106595"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34304-8"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.137002"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117848"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8020040"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159106"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125703"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202002044"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143926"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130117"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143730"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2702046"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159164"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00001-12"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121995"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.7b00469"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13974"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.11.001"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4459"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3885"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2831"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13227\/j.hjkx.202311249"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11060539"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.10.048"}],"container-title":["International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000547873","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:01:43Z","timestamp":1777910503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000547873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000547873","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-2438","1423-0097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-2438","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]}}}