{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T10:10:29Z","timestamp":1770718229118,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Vasc Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Inflammatory pathways in vascular disease are the focus of intense interest. Multiple studies have shown that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is strongly implicated in the atherosclerotic process. Accumulating evidence suggests a similar role for growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). Methods: In this study, we measured and compared circulating levels of IL-6 and GDF-15 in a cohort of 20 vascular surgical patients with atherosclerotic disease presenting for surgical revascularization (carotid endarterectomy or common femoral artery endarterectomy) and in a similar number of age-matched healthy volunteers. A cross-sectional analysis of prospectively collected data was performed, with serum GDF-15 and IL-6 levels measured and assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results: We observed substantial circulating levels of GDF-15 in most patients (17\/20) compared to the reference range upper limit of 1,500 pg\/mL, irrespective of the type of vascular disease and revascularization procedure they were undergoing. In contrast, only 1 healthy control participant had a borderline high GDF-15 of 1,572 pg\/mL. Indeed, the mean serum GDF-15 level between patients (2,515 pg\/mL, SD 906) and healthy controls (1,016 pg\/mL, SD 219) was highly significant (p value &lt;0.001). On the other hand, although IL-6 levels between patients (mean 3.6, SD 2.54 pg\/mL) and healthy controls (mean 2.2, SD 0.67 pg\/mL) were significantly different (p = 0.020), only 7 patients had values above the reference range upper limit of 3.4 pg\/mL. Conclusion: These results suggest that serum GDF-15, but not IL-6, is a strong candidate for use as a biomarker of atherosclerotic vascular disease and may allow for earlier risk factor modification to help prevent disease onset and progression. Large-scale studies aimed at determining whether a rising GDF-15 is an indication of worsening outcome in a wider spectrum of patients with vascular disease are clearly warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000548113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T16:01:07Z","timestamp":1757001667000},"page":"42-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the Role of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Biomarker of Inflammation in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Joong Min","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Beckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaye","family":"Beckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319156"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa099"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.6.3463"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.05.024"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0986-3"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006225"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000599"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100370"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.03.101"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101576"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012826"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.255174"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/j2020012"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.64515"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad105"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1911-y"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111258"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30255-4"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1358863x03vm466oa"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9150(99)00013-1"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy310"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26654"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30117-0"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319077"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.002550"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312142"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00951"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.08.004"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081820"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0146-4"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018217"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vascular Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000548113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T14:50:32Z","timestamp":1770648632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000548113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000548113","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-1172","1423-0135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-1172","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]}}}