{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T04:42:22Z","timestamp":1770180142644,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dermatology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a chronic and recurrent autoimmune disorder that predominantly affects the skin. It may cause alterations in appearance and psychological distress, thereby exerting an impact on the quality of life. Consequently, the pursuit of safer, more effective, and more convenient therapeutic approaches is of paramount importance. Methods: A systematic electronic search was conducted in the following databases to identify clinical studies on the prevention and treatment of CLE: PubMed, MEDLINE (OVID), Web of Science, and CENTRAL. Search results were screened, and relevant studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Our systematic review incorporated 19 randomized controlled trials and 34 controlled or uncontrolled clinical trials that investigated treatments for CLE. Conclusion: Existing research evidence suggests that topical treatments are generally regarded as a first-line option for CLE owing to their convenience and safety, particularly for milder lesions or those limited to the skin. In contrast, systemic therapies are more appropriate for patients with severe conditions or those at risk of developing systemic LE. Currently, the precise mechanisms of action of CLE treatments have not been fully elucidated. The therapeutic potential of some novel therapies and their complex roles in disease progression remain unclear, necessitating further basic and clinical research for clarification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000548335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T16:00:59Z","timestamp":1758556859000},"page":"86-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: An Evidence-Based 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