{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:27:40Z","timestamp":1784824060064,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gerontology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;p&gt;Introduction: Progress in spine surgery has significantly improved the safety of procedures for older patients with disabling spine disease. However, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) remains a concern due to their link with poorer outcomes and higher long-term care risk. This study aimed to determine if pro-neuroinflammatory states accelerate neurodegeneration, contributing to POCD development, and explore whether specific biomarkers could predict POCD risk. Methods: Patients (aged \u2265 60 years) scheduled for elective spine surgery between February 2018 and March 2020 were enrolled. Biomarkers tested included IL-6, C-reactive protein, S100 calcium-binding protein \u03b2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, serum neurofilament light chain protein (sNFL), gasdermin D, and soluble ectodomain of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), measured preoperatively and postoperatively. Cognitive outcomes were assessed using the CERAD test battery at baseline and 3 months postoperatively. Results: Postoperative levels of sTREM2 and gasdermin D were significantly associated with cognitive performance changes 3 months after surgery, particularly in memory function. Higher sTREM2 levels were associated with greater cognitive decline, with six out of twelve CERAD items showing an inverse association (e.g., overall \u03b2 = \u22120.010, p = 0.0003). Similarly, higher postoperative gasdermin D levels were linked to worse performance, particularly in recognition memory (e.g., word list recognition \u03b2 = \u22120.615, p = 0.032). Additionally, higher preoperative sNFL levels were associated with poorer cognitive outcomes across multiple domains. Conclusions: This study highlights potential associations between neuroinflammation and cognitive decline following spine surgery. Targeting neuroinflammatory pathways could be crucial in mitigating POCD in older patients. Biomarkers may help identify high-risk patients and guide the development of targeted interventions. &lt;\/p&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000548923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T16:01:02Z","timestamp":1760976062000},"page":"29-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring Neuroinflammation and Its Role in Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction following Spine 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