{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:03:49Z","timestamp":1784948629730,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Nutr Metab"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Whether the consumption of fruits, flavonoid-rich fruits, and 100% fruit juice is associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We aimed to examine the association of total fruit, flavonoid-rich fruits, and 100% fruit juice consumption with the risk of GDM. Methods: A total of 93,759 singleton pregnancies who were enrolled in the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study remained for the analysis. Total fruit consumption including fruits and 100% fruit juice during the past year in the first trimester was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for GDM associated with total fruit, flavonoid-rich fruits, non-flavonoid-rich fruits, and 100% fruit juice consumption were estimated using logistic regression analysis. Results: GDM occurred in 2,096 (2.2%) of the 93,759 pregnant women. Total fruit consumption was inversely associated with the risk of GDM; the multivariable ORs (95% CI) for the highest vs. lowest quartiles of total fruit consumption were 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) (p for trend = 0.013). An increase in total fruit consumption by each 100 g\/day was inversely associated with the risk of GDM (OR = 0.94 [0.91, 0.98], p for trend = 0.001). The multivariable ORs (95% CIs) for the highest versus lowest quartiles of flavonoid-rich fruits consumption was 0.80 (0.70, 0.93) (p for trend = 0.003), whereas that for non-flavonoid-rich fruits consumption was 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) (p for trend = 0.504); 100% fruit juice consumption was inversely associated with the risk of GDM for each 100 mL\/day increase (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87, 0.96). Conclusion: Total fruit, flavonoid-rich fruits, and 100% fruit juice consumption were inversely associated with risk of GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000549407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T17:01:13Z","timestamp":1762794073000},"page":"81-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between Total Fruit Consumption and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Akane","family":"Kojima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoyo","family":"Ikehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyasu","family":"Iso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Japan Environment and Children's Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11922"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13149"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040869059096"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.05.053"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab335"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12376"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000475"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-023-00855-8"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae036"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-14-0850"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-25"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20170018"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.23-00358"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2040-1124.2010.00074.x"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20150064"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.016634"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/194\/2021-CJFS"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15899"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz031"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007328"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.257"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.03.011"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.08.024"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2105"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1192131"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.739359"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519001806"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02294-1"}],"container-title":["Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000549407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:01:11Z","timestamp":1776096071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000549407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000549407","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0250-6807","1421-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0250-6807","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]}}}