{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T17:04:20Z","timestamp":1765818260351,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Caries Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Potential dental health benefits, including pH buffering, have been demonstrated for nitrate in placebo-controlled studies when consumed one or several hours before sugar intake. However, its immediate local effect when co-administered with sugar is unclear. Our aim was to test the local effect of adding nitrate to a sugar rinse on human saliva acidification. Methods: A double-blind, crossover study was conducted with three periods. In each period, 18 adults, equally distributed between men and women (n = 9 each), aged 25.4 \u00b1 3.8 (mean \u00b1 SD), with normal salivary flow, rinsed for 2 min using 10 mL of one of the following rinses: spinach-only (blended spinach providing 8 m&lt;sc&gt;m&lt;\/sc&gt; nitrate), spinach+sucrose (blended spinach providing 8 m&lt;sc&gt;m&lt;\/sc&gt; nitrate + 20% sucrose), or sucrose-only (20% sucrose). Unstimulated saliva was collected at baseline and every 3 min up to 24 min. pH, lactate, nitrate, and nitrite were measured using Reflectoquant\u00ae. The effect of treatment and time was assessed using a linear mixed model (\u03b1 = 0.05). Nitrate reduction capacity was determined in vitro using baseline saliva. Results: All saliva samples demonstrated nitrate reduction activity. The lowest pH values were observed 6 min after rinsing, with all groups differing from each other: sucrose only (6.56 \u00b1 0.38; mean \u00b1 SD), spinach+sucrose (6.83 \u00b1 0.37), spinach only (7.15 \u00b1 0.44, no pH drop). The pH returned to baseline values 12 min after the spinach+sucrose rinse, but not after the sucrose-only rinse at any time point. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations increased in saliva after using spinach-containing rinses, returning to their baseline levels after 6 min and 12 min. Lower lactate levels were detected after 12 min, suggesting proton consumption during nitrate metabolism in the spinach+sucrose group. Conclusion: Adding a low dose of nitrate to a sucrose rinse limited sugar-induced salivary acidification in vivo, supporting the potential for topical nitrate strategies to reduce sugar acidogenicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000549489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T17:01:20Z","timestamp":1764003680000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adding Nitrate to a Sucrose Rinse Reduces Acidogenicity: An in vivo Study"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Consuelo A.","family":"Silva-Acevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bob T.","family":"Rosier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesia J.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Mira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4626-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia M.A.","family":"Tenuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-7637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constanza 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