{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:24:22Z","timestamp":1770755062968,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Addict Res"],"abstract":"<p>Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of biperiden on nicotine craving in a proof-of-concept clinical study. Method: The study involved 46 male participants (mean age: 45.3 \u00b1 9.31 years) who smoked an average of 20.8 (10.0) cigarettes per day. Participants were randomly assigned to either a biperiden (4 mg\/day) or placebo group, with treatment lasting 7 days. The outcomes were assessed at baseline (T0) and after 7 days (T1) using self-reported questionnaires, including the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief, the Fagerstr\u00f6m Tolerance Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant time \u00d7 treatment interaction between cigarette consumption (p < 0.001, <inline-formula><mml:math id=\"m1\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/inline-formula> = 0.340) and craving (p = 0.002, <inline-formula><mml:math id=\"m2\" xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/inline-formula> = 0.203), indicating that participants in the biperiden group showed greater reductions than those receiving placebo. For dependence, anxiety, and depression, only the main effect of time was significant (p < 0.05), suggesting general improvement across both groups. Ethnicity did not significantly influence any outcomes, and no relevant adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: These findings suggest that biperiden may represent a promising pharmacological approach for reducing nicotine craving. Further studies with prolonged administration are warranted to evaluate its therapeutic potential for smoking cessation. <\/p><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000549810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T17:00:55Z","timestamp":1764349255000},"page":"359-368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Biperiden (Cholinergic Muscarinic m1\/m4 Receptor Antagonist) on Craving Nicotine: A Proof-Of-Concept Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Giovanna Lira","family":"Rosa Ciutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9ia Gomes","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 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