{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:34:32Z","timestamp":1790652872416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroepidemiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Driven by population ageing, the burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias (ADOD) continues to rise. A comprehensive assessment of the ADOD burden at global, regional, and national levels is critical for public health. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we assessed the ADOD burden. Temporal trends were analysed using Joinpoint regression; inequalities among countries were evaluated via Lorenz curves; and future trends were projected employing an age-period-cohort model. Results: In 2021, the age-standardised rates for ADOD were 694.01 (95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]: 602.88 to 794.08) for prevalence, 119.76 (95% UI: 104.96 to 135.89) for incidence, and 481.70 (95% UI: 228.79 to 1,023.96) for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Females exhibited a higher ADOD burden than males across all age groups, with an age-standardised prevalence rate of 769.94 (95% UI: 670.71 to 877.57) in females compared to 589.47 (95% UI: 507.48 to 678.79) in males. The slope inequality index of crude DALY rate increased from 315.23 (95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 310.43 to 437.87) in 1990 to 758.29 (95% CI: 692.48 to 908.29) in 2021 at the country level. The Lorenz curves for the crude DALY rate of ADOD in 1990 and 2021 lay below the equality line, indicating a higher burden among countries and territories with a higher socio-demographic index (SDI) ranking. By 2046, global prevalence is projected to reach 124.89 million, a 119.67% increase from 2021. Conclusion: The ADOD burden has increased globally, with significant regional disparities. Urgent action is required to prevent ADOD, especially among females and in high-SDI regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000549854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T17:00:52Z","timestamp":1766163652000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Global, Regional, and National Disparities in the Burden of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Dementias, 1990\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Meiling","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningrui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhennan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad042"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2021.69"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13348"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae144.014"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12641"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00996-8"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00476-8"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1101089"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13354"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30752-2"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001376"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003138"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1481"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-01015-2"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01546-X"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32381-9"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102868"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001500"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-024-01144-2"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01655-y"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X241270415"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82593-7"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14254"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.09.004"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9407"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.01.024"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37819\/hb.3.1771"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.200"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080636"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000320247"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32974-x"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141086"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2020.12.020"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-012-0247-8"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102644"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.04.008"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(24)00061-8"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae384"}],"container-title":["Neuroepidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000549854","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T17:02:25Z","timestamp":1770051745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000549854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000549854","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.30909338","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0251-5350","1423-0208"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0251-5350","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0208","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]}}}