{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:56:09Z","timestamp":1781283369774,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nephron"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major global health challenge that leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. The influence of particulate matter (PM)&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;\/sub&gt;, PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5\u201310&lt;\/sub&gt;, PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;\/sub&gt;, nitrogen oxides (NO&lt;sub&gt;X&lt;\/sub&gt;), nitrogen dioxide (NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;) on renal diseases has raised concerns. However, the etiological relation remains uncertain. This study aimed to establish genetic support for causal links between environmental exposures and renal impairment. Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was launched based on genome-wide association study. The inverse variance weighted method served as the primary analysis, complemented by four other approaches (MR-Egger, MR-Weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode). The results were reinforced by MR-Egger regression, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out analysis. Results: The MR analysis revealed that exposed to PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5\u201310&lt;\/sub&gt; significantly increases the risk of developing CKD (OR: 1.631; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.161, 2.290), eGFR&lt;sub&gt;crea&lt;\/sub&gt; (\u03b2: \u22120.013; 95% CI: \u22120.021, \u22120.004), and eGFR&lt;sub&gt;cys&lt;\/sub&gt; (\u03b2: \u22120.024; 95% CI: \u22120.039, \u22120.008). NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;\/sub&gt; exposure correlated with declining eGFR&lt;sub&gt;cys&lt;\/sub&gt; (\u03b2: \u22120.016; 95% CI: \u22120.029, \u22120.003). NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; correlated with increased urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio levels (\u03b2: 0.039; 95% CI: 0.009, 0.069). However, no significant association was found between exposure to PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;\/sub&gt; or PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;\/sub&gt; and impaired renal function, with no evidence of significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. Conclusion: By employing MR analysis, we found that elevated levels of air pollutants, specifically PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5\u201310&lt;\/sub&gt;, can causally worsen kidney function. These results facilitate a deeper comprehension of the pathogenesis and treatment of air pollution-induced renal damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000550247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T17:01:05Z","timestamp":1769706065000},"page":"351-363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Air Pollution on Kidney Function: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization 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