{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:16:54Z","timestamp":1792030614799,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Every year, new evidence emerges about how best to care for tiny babies with respiratory distress. We report the seventh version of \u201cEuropean Guidelines for the Management of RDS\u201d by a panel of European neonatologists and an expert perinatal obstetrician based on available literature up to mid-2025. Optimising outcome involves close collaboration with obstetricians to predict risk of preterm delivery, consideration of transfer to perinatal centres, and perinatal optimisation including antenatal steroids. Delivery room protocols should include maintenance of normal body temperature while aiming to promote spontaneous breathing before clamping the umbilical cord, using non-invasive respiratory support (NRS) where possible, and considering early use of surfactant delivered by a thin catheter in an attempt to avoid intubation. Ongoing NRS and judicious use of surfactant using techniques that avoid intubation will help improve outcomes. If mechanical ventilation is needed, lung protective strategies should be employed and ventilation continued for the shortest time possible to reduce risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Protocols for general supportive care are also reviewed, with an emphasis on good nutritional care, cardiovascular support and judicious use of antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000551062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T17:01:29Z","timestamp":1773075689000},"page":"1-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: 2025"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"David G.","family":"Sweet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-9418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virgilio P.","family":"Carnielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8042-3262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gorm","family":"Greisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8172-729X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Hallman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5387-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Klebermass-Schrehof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5529-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lavizzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eren","family":"Ozek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7831-8797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjan","family":"te Pas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7965-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles C.","family":"Roehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3166-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola D.","family":"Saugstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0730-9337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Simeoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0061-4742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximo","family":"Vento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerry H.A.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian P.","family":"Speer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2007.048"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19119"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001058.pub3"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16238"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3235"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005352"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002771"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01535-5"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2025.110766"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-063113"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00193-2"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2025.2958"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005644"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014978.pub2"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1516783"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100426"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.10.022"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003402.pub3"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305555"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.10.002"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.2764"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.11140"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1041898"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01249-w"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-022-04124-0"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-326409"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.08.023"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003063.pub3"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25605"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.15694"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2020-002465"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.04.011"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000499674"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038959"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-064547"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.07.013"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02469-8"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101146"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001243.pub4"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1933-7235"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-210728"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-325808"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310435"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2024-327555"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114423"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.17380"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5725"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101080"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324160"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072788"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0504"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02121-9"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000530333"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101497"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.02.054"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102097"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110345"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pq9.0000000000000580"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.0775"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1848"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321565"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00217-8"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008991.pub3"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004454.pub3"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.06.023"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.0483"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3937"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03429-4"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2300183"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03572-0"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008309.pub3"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0232-2024"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000527670"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00235-3"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000456.pub5"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003666.pub4"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02639-4"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.27001"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02210-9"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.16450"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-325831"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015129"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005384.pub3"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014509.pub2"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-01939-x"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01473-y"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013271.pub2"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.12277"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.41033"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207554"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101491"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202411-2169OC"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25271"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-05997-x"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-05977-1"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000544811"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000539175"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16590"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003519.pub5"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3193-y"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2550"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.6"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.13446"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25979"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.808317"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000540278"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324833"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2242-7391"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003212.pub4"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17075"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2023.105841"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07928"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2214659"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26108"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15470"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0367-0"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06300-8"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109934"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05893-w"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02468-6"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.40597"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.45"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-022-00541-y"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009102.pub2"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2024-327236"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.4575"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001241.pub8"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010061.pub5"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000536286"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08240-4"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02998-0"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052504"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001456.pub2"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25678"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39493.646875.AE"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009599.pub2"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004659.pub3"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0602"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2269"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-312681"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0344-5"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011672.pub2"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07603-7"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.09.068"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-322890"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105865"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71206"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/28523.10520"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015130"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106284"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116735"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012712.pub2"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2025-085569"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08038-4"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3985"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000539346"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-325657"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005254.pub4"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000356561"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2019.101070"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12603.x"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.10.027"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-326355"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01582-4"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01252-x"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000547546"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013830.pub2"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-09029-9"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000104.pub4"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01639-8"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2025.01.012"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16596"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015462.pub2"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-02042-x"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00202-6"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25875"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.11.075"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000511710"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00179.2023"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040490"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-326254"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012706.pub2"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-069668"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children12020231"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324935"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04194-8"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.17431"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06026-7"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.110086"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110443"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2533-2465"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.21892"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.25810"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1031847"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.70041"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.5082"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.4098"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2022-324530"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346460"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26337"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.70128"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010249.pub2"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013294.pub2"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000510.pub2"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-023-04946-6"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000546573"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006405.pub4"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2074"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17261"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2155040"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000509.pub5"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2024.151890"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000534497"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013873.pub2"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2024-326874"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001460"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00271-8"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308899"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013588.pub2"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207418"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-071425"}],"container-title":["Neonatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000551062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:01:23Z","timestamp":1774972883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000551062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":221,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000551062","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.31554655","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1661-7800","1661-7819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1661-7800","type":"print"},{"value":"1661-7819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]}}}