{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:52:03Z","timestamp":1788317523531,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Addict Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;p&gt;Introduction: Objective measures for the severity of addiction are needed to identify and appropriately stratify patients into effective treatment groups for intervention and recovery. Our aim was to determine if blood-derived, dopamine-related biomarkers hold predictive validity in patients with cocaine use disorder (CUD). Methods: A total of 349 participants (163 patients with moderate-to-severe CUD and 186 healthy control participants without a history of substance use disorder) were recruited for a cross-sectional case-control study in the East of England, UK. Data on individual differences in CUD-related traits, e.g., impulsivity, sensation-seeking, were collected. Measurements included mRNA transcription of dopamine-related genes (DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, and COMT) and risk alleles (rs6277, rs1800497, rs12364283, rs6280, and rs4680). Results: CUD patients showed elevated DRD2 mRNA in peripheral blood (B&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;\/sub&gt; = 0.43, 95% CI [0.13, 0.73], p&lt;sub&gt;FDR&lt;\/sub&gt; = 0.020) and the DRD2-related rs6277 risk allele was associated with CUD diagnosis (odds ratio = 2.16, 95% CI [1.15, 4.17], p = 0.02). DRD2 mRNA levels related to self-reported impulsivity (B&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;\/sub&gt; = \u22120.17, 95% CI [\u22120.32, \u22120.03], p = 0.013). Conclusions: Blood-based expression of DRD2 may be a useful biomarker related to CUD diagnosis and related traits. &lt;\/p&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000551119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T17:00:35Z","timestamp":1771693235000},"page":"28-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Peripheral Expression of Dopamine Genes as a Biomarker for Cocaine Addiction in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Stacey L.","family":"Kigar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6565-4326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsen Vei","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorinda","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward T.","family":"Bullmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3203-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen D.","family":"Ersche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.06.031"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185778"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912319107"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.11.016"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.05.014"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1957-2"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6%3c768::aid-jclp2270510607%3e3.0.co;2-1"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.46.1.139"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4603(01)00201-5"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg055"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001561"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890140210"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20360"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90255-0"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02049.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.12.007"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12843"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102259"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.187"}],"container-title":["European Addiction Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000551119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:00:59Z","timestamp":1779465659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000551119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000551119","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.31384543","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1022-6877","1421-9891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1022-6877","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]}}}