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Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathobiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The final step of the Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication cycle, virion budding and scission from the host cell membrane, is executed not by a viral enzyme but by the hijacked host endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Summary: This review synthesizes current knowledge on how HIV-1 Gag polyprotein recruits and coordinates the ESCRT pathway. We detail the critical roles of the PTAP and YPX&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;\/sub&gt;L late-domain motifs in engaging Tsg101 (ESCRT-I) and ALIX adaptors, which nucleate the assembly of constrictive ESCRT-III polymers and the VPS4 ATPase to catalyze membrane fission. We examine the plasticity of these recruitment pathways, the regulatory influence of ubiquitination, and how cell-type-specific factors impact budding efficiency. Furthermore, we assess emerging connections between ESCRT function, viral pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities. Key Messages: The ESCRT-dependent budding of HIV-1 is a robust yet vulnerable process, characterized by redundant entry points converging on an essential core scission engine. This mechanistic understanding reveals critical virus-host interfaces that present promising targets for novel antiviral strategies aimed at disrupting this late stage of the viral life cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000551438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:00:57Z","timestamp":1776096057000},"page":"1-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Budding Machinery: Deconstructing the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport-Mediated Scission Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud 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