{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:30:34Z","timestamp":1786379434217,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) procedures vary by use of microelectrode recording (MER) and by unilateral or bilateral implantation. Our goal was to quantify national, regional, and state-level trends in total procedures, MER utilization, and unilateral vs. bilateral electrode implantation. Methods: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services database was queried for patients undergoing DBS procedures from 2013 to 2023 yielding 27,846 total patients. Use of MER, unilateral vs. bilateral DBS electrode implantation, and procedure location were extracted. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, Pearson\u2019s Correlation Coefficient, Spearman\u2019s Correlation Coefficient, ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis with post hoc testing, and Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Results: From 2013 to 2023, total DBS electrode implantation procedures did not change significantly. MER+ DBS was more common than MER\u2212 DBS across all years, although MER\u2212 DBS increased over time (r = 0.94) while MER+ DBS decreased over time (r = \u22120.75). Bilateral DBS increased (r = 0.86) over time and in 2021 became more common than unilateral DBS, which decreased over time (r = \u22120.73). Unilateral and bilateral MER\u2212 DBS increased (r = 0.84, 0.95), while unilateral MER+ DBS decreased (r = \u22120.97). All regions had an increase in MER\u2212 DBS (r = 0.96, 0.81, 0.94, 0.84, respectively). The West performed the most MER\u2212 DBS, while the South performed the most MER+ DBS. The Midwest and West had an increase in percentage of bilateral DBS (r = 0.95, 0.90, respectively). Regional changes favoring MER\u2212 DBS and bilateral electrode implantation were noticed in many states. All reported significant outcomes had p &lt; 0.05. Conclusion: Nationally, there is a trend towards performing bilateral and MER\u2212 DBS. Recently, there are more bilateral than unilateral procedures, but MER+ is still more common than MER\u2212. Regional differences in DBS surgery also exist. These findings have implications for the experience of patients, neurosurgical trainees, and institutions across the USA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000551581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:01:02Z","timestamp":1782489662000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3037-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derrick","family":"Chatad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Melhem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail Abraham","family":"Teshome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazen","family":"Taman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athar N.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.776847"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.12.013"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2023.100599"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.7.JNS23277"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S139368"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223333"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.6.JNS081161"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0961-8"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.4.626"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.1.0036"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10407"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.156"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22875"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5121-7"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.929"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.08.016"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-009-0293-6"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12351"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wnsx.2023.100234"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3122-3"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2023-000582"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004630"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.05.042"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.JNS17883"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucie.2023.09.001"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.10.034"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.JNS232385"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000001224"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5137\/1019-5149.jtn.23307-18.3"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101463"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.4.JNS15173"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440407"}],"container-title":["Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000551581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T16:00:45Z","timestamp":1786377645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000551581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000551581","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.32788377","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1011-6125","1423-0372"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1011-6125","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0372","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}