{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:46:55Z","timestamp":1782406015673,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skin Pharmacol Physiol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Atopic dermatitis is characterized by the interplay among type 2 immune responses, skin barrier dysfunction, and pruritus. Despite the pivotal role of interleukin-33 in the pathogenesis of the disease, novel therapeutic strategies remain limited. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effects of 2-O-glyceryl-6-O-hexadecanoyl ascorbic acid (2GA16), assessing its impact on inflammatory cytokine production in an epidermal cell-based atopic dermatitis model. Specifically, 2GA16 was introduced to cultured keratinocytes in an inflammatory state induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. The inhibitory effects on inflammatory cytokines were confirmed through gene expression analysis. Results: The analysis revealed that 2GA16 suppressed the increased expression levels of alarmins, particularly interleukin-33, in a dose-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.01). Epidermal cells treated with 2GA16 exhibited increased expression levels of filaggrin and involucrin, both crucial to epidermal barrier formation (p &lt; 0.05). Such changes were further supported by Western blot analysis and ex vivo tissue staining, which qualitatively showed corresponding changes at the protein level. Conclusion: These findings suggest that 2GA16 may mitigate the symptoms of atopic dermatitis by inhibiting the induction of type 2 alarmin cytokines in keratinocytes and restoring their capacity to form effective epidermal barriers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000551909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:00:44Z","timestamp":1776528044000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel Glyceryl Ascorbate Derivatives Inhibit Type 2 Alarmin Cytokine Induction and Promote Expression of Epidermal Barrier Function-Related Factors in Human Keratinocytes in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Shunya","family":"Sahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuki","family":"Wakita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Iwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Kuribayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koich","family":"Nakaoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17544"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2021.10.002"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082671"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3511"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2012.24.3.253"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2017.02.003"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00738-6"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15173"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.10.027"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-29.6.587"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.02.001"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130351"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.04.016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.10.027"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.12.018"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.07.012"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2015.0056"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.09.014"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2019.08.006"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00819"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.30.717"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302781"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239261"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2022.03.009"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.174786"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md16030096"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.34"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3675"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01624.x"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2018.11.002"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14578"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01305-x"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.07.027"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.7.1983"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041079"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147910"}],"container-title":["Skin 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