{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:20:09Z","timestamp":1783354809930,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Neurol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Salvador Dal\u00ed (1904\u20131989), the great Surrealist painter, developed a progressive parkinsonian syndrome during the last decade of his life that ended his artistic career and reduced him to near-total dependence. Multiple physicians documented tremor, rigidity, and progressive disability, yet no clinical account has been published in the neurological literature. Summary: Drawing on contemporaneous press reports, biographies based on primary sources, sworn medical testimony, and a published quantitative analysis of his paintings, this review compiles the chronological evolution of Dal\u00ed\u2019s neurological symptoms. Non-motor features (including nocturia without urological explanation and erectile dysfunction from at least 1974) were documented years before the onset of visible motor symptoms, a sequence consistent with, but not diagnostic of, prodromal synucleinopathy. The motor phase, beginning around 1980, was characterized by asymmetric resting tremor affecting the right upper extremity, rigidity, gait impairment, and progressive akinesia. Despite examinations by prominent neurologists including Llu\u00eds Barraquer Bordas and Fran\u00e7ois Lhermitte, the diagnosis remained contested throughout Dal\u00ed\u2019s life. Drug-induced parkinsonism was implicated in the initial crisis, but the continued deterioration after drug withdrawal argues against a purely iatrogenic etiology. No autopsy was performed. Key Messages: This case illustrates a problem familiar to practicing neurologists: the difficulty of diagnosing parkinsonism in patients with complex premorbid personalities, where emerging neuropsychiatric symptoms are absorbed into longstanding behavioral patterns. Today, biomarkers detecting \u03b1-synuclein aggregates in peripheral tissues would greatly reduce such diagnostic uncertainty; these tools were not available in Dal\u00ed\u2019s lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000552485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:01:01Z","timestamp":1779206461000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Parkinsonism of Salvador Dal\u00ed"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-6774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Alberto","family":"Palma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70024-5"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27802"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000303"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093814"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206772"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00109-6"}],"container-title":["European Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/000552485","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:04:02Z","timestamp":1783353842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/000552485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":7,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000552485","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-3022","1421-9913"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-3022","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9913","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]}}}