{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T16:10:59Z","timestamp":1783959059937,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Res Paediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;p&gt;Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes the progressive irreversible loss of pancreatic beta-cell function, leading to glycemic dysregulation. T1D progresses through stages, beginning with a presymptomatic phase marked by multiple islet autoantibodies (stage 1), dysglycemia (stage 2), and ultimately, clinical (stage 3) and established (stage 4) disease. Although stage 3 is characterized by significant loss of beta-cell function, the remaining reserve can be assessed by measuring markers of residual function, such as C-peptide. Residual C-peptide is associated with improved clinical outcomes, including reduced risk for severe hypoglycemia and long-term complications, improved glycemic control, and lower insulin requirements. Summary: Understanding and monitoring the state of the functional residual beta-cell population may yield useful insights for clinical management of T1D throughout its course. Because early beta-cell dysfunction can already be detected with C-peptide-based metrics in stage 1, in the future advanced C-peptide measures could aid in earlier identification of presymptomatic individuals to guide treatment management before irreversible beta-cell damage occurs. Currently, C-peptide measurement is most applicable in individuals with stage 3 and stage 4 T1D, where it serves as a surrogate measure of beta-cell function that can inform differential diagnosis, improve identification of those who may be eligible for disease-modifying therapy, and facilitate dynamic tracking of therapeutic responses. Despite these benefits, C-peptide measurement is not yet a part of routine clinical care and is rarely performed after disease onset. C-peptide assessment continues to be complicated by logistical barriers, individual variance in pancreatic reserve, insulin sensitivity, and other patient-specific factors, along with a lack of standardized, age-specific normative values. Key Messages: In this review, we describe beta-cell function across T1D stages, testing strategies to quantify beta-cell health such as C-peptide, and potential benefits of beta-cell monitoring in clinical practice. When used in the correct context, C-peptide combined with other glycemic monitoring can give clinicians real-time insights into residual beta-cell function throughout T1D progression and therapeutic interventions. &lt;\/p&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000552501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T16:01:08Z","timestamp":1778515268000},"page":"741-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relevance of Quantitative Measures of Beta-Cell Function in Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Galderisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin 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