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Given the subcortical nature of sleep regulation, intracranial stimulation, and particularly deep brain stimulation (DBS), emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy. This narrative review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the effects of DBS and DBS-like invasive stimulation across multiple brain regions implicated in SW control. Additionally, stimulation targeting non-SW-related targets has also shown incidental effects on sleep and wakefulness. Summary: Evidence reveals target- and frequency-dependent effects on sleep architecture and arousal, with notable translational success in Parkinson\u2019s disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The discussion addresses three central questions: (1) Which brain areas modulate sleep and wakefulness when stimulated? (2) How do stimulation parameters influence these outcomes? (3) What are the challenges and limitations in moving toward SW-primary indications? Despite encouraging results, variability in reported measures and outcomes underscores the need for objective, standardized sleep measures (polysomnography) and advanced targeting. Key Messages: Overall, this review may assist clinicians in optimizing DBS parameters in patients experiencing SW disturbances and underscores the broader potential of invasive neuromodulation both as a therapeutic strategy and as a tool to better characterize sleep and wakefulness dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000552944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T16:01:49Z","timestamp":1782144109000},"page":"1-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deep Brain Stimulation for Sleep-Wake Regulation: A Narrative 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