{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:46:50Z","timestamp":1785775610104,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Vasc Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: We aimed to investigate the effect of different exercise modes on retinal microvascular endothelial function in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods: Twenty-eight patients were randomly allocated to either a moderate (MCT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group for 12 weeks. Retinal microvascular structure and function were investigated by analyzing central retinal arteriolar (CRAE) and venular (CRVE) diameter equivalents, the arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio (AVR), and the dynamic arteriolar (aFID) and venular (vFID) flicker light-induced dilation response. Results: Twenty patients (mean age 70 \u00b1 9 years) were included in the final analysis. After HIIT, AVR increased (0.80 \u00b1 0.03 vs. 0.83 \u00b1 0.04, p = 0.03) due to arteriolar widening. CRAE increased (157 \u00b1 18 \u00b5m vs. 164 \u00b1 18 \u00b5m, p = 0.05), but CRVE did not change (196 \u00b1 27 \u00b5m vs. 197 \u00b1 24 \u00b5m, p = 0.56). After MCT, AVR also increased (0.80 \u00b1 0.08 vs. 0.83 \u00b1 0.06, p = 0.02) without significant changes in CRAE (160 \u00b1 19 \u00b5m vs. 165 \u00b1 18 \u00b5m, p = 0.07) or CRVE (201 \u00b1 14 \u00b5m vs. 199 \u00b1 14 \u00b5m, p = 0.40). aFID improved after MCT (2.1 \u00b1 1.6% vs. 3.1 \u00b1 1.8%, p = 0.03) but not after the HIIT intervention (2.1 \u00b1 1.7% vs. 2.4 \u00b1 2.1%, p = 0.60). vFID did not statistically significant change neither in the HIIT (4.4 \u00b1 2.2% vs. 3.4 \u00b1 1.9%, p = 0.06) nor in the MCT (4.3 \u00b1 2.2% vs. 5.5 \u00b1 4.1%, p = 0.26) group. Conclusion: MCT and HIIT are both adequate therapy options to improve microvascular health in patients with HFpEF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000553072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:01:42Z","timestamp":1781625702000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Exercise Mode and Intensity on Retinal Microvascular Structure and Function in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Pilot Exercise Intervention Trial"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3920-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Streese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4423-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egbert Thomas","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Schoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia Maria","family":"Kr\u00f6pfl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Dieterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Schmidt-Trucks\u00e4ss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henner","family":"Hanssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09881-3"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.101.16.1899"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.822627"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(00)01393-x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052256"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-018-9714-z"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0321-z"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092576"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.123117"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2022.104345"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2022.101095"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13552"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2026.104949"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.734111"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93617-7"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01587.x"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000209812.05573.04"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002344"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.017"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2023.104616"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa245"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm221"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2022.07.004"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1564"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1537"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz196"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13560"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14343"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac073"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00831"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.608985"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.09.548"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319901206"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01119"}],"container-title":["Journal 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