{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:01:39Z","timestamp":1786118499939,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Res Paediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Adult subjects with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) have an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer. Whether children and adolescents with HT carry the same risk is still a matter of debate. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer in pediatric autoimmune thyroiditis. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 1,050 adolescents and young adults (825 females, 225 males) who were regularly followed in nine Italian pediatric endocrinology centers. The median follow-up period was 5.8 years (range: 0.6\u201327.6 years). In all subjects, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) levels were evaluated annually. Thyroid ultrasound was performed annually in patients with nodules and every 2 years in those without nodules. Results: A total of 245 nodules were detected, corresponding to a prevalence of 23.3%. This prevalence is significantly higher than that observed in a matched control population (4.7%). The prevalence of thyroid cancer was 0.95% (10 malignant nodules: 8 papillary and 2 papillary follicular variants). This rate is statistically higher than that observed in the control population (0.37%). The severity of hypoechogenicity on ultrasound, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and serum fT4 concentration at diagnosis were predictive of the development of new nodules. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between TPOAb and the development of thyroid cancer. Conclusion: Children, adolescents, and young adults with HT have an increased risk of developing thyroid nodules and cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000553100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:01:03Z","timestamp":1781884863000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk of Thyroid Cancer in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A 27-Year Follow-Up 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