{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:19:11Z","timestamp":1789489151813,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Glomerular Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Lupus nephritis (LN) is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease but early recognition of cardiometabolic risk in patients with LN can facilitate risk optimization with disease-modifying strategies. To identify potential gaps in cardiometabolic risk management in LN in real-world practice, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and trend in cardiometabolic risk, evaluation, and control. Methods: We performed a single-center, cross-sectional study of all adults with biopsy-confirmed LN between 2011 and 2022 to (1) assess the prevalence of cardiometabolic risks (age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease [IHD], reduced kidney function [estimated glomerular filtration rate, estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 mL\/min\/1.73 m2], urine protein-to-creatinine ratio [UPCR] &gt;0.15 g\/g, glucocorticoid use), evaluation (office blood pressure [BP], fasting glucose and lipid and HbA1c), and control at the time of diagnosis; and then (2) evaluate the association between time periods (2019\u20132022 compared to 2015\u20132018) and cardiometabolic evaluation and control, adjusting for traditional and systemic lupus erythematosus disease-specific cardiometabolic risks in multivariable logistic regression models. Results: We evaluated 326 adults with LN (median age 42.0 years [interquartile range: 30.9, 52.7]). Across the 3 time periods, reduced kidney function was most frequent in 2011\u20132014. Hypertension and renin-angiotensin system blocker use were lowest in 2019\u20132022 (23.4% and 30.9%, respectively), while 38.0% achieved BP &lt;130\/80 mm Hg without significant change across time periods. Glycemic evaluation was least frequent in 2019\u20132022 (78.7%) compared to earlier time periods. Achievement of glycemic targets of fasting glucose &lt;6.1 mmol\/L and HbA1c \u22647% were 70.0% and 95.1%, respectively, without significant change across the time periods. Lipid evaluation was performed in 75.8% but only 32.0% achieved low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol &lt;2.6 mmol\/L. There was no significant change in the prevalence of lipid evaluation or control over time. Conclusion: Glycemic assessment and optimization of BP and lipid treatment to achieve guideline-recommended targets represent opportunities to improve cardiometabolic risk management in LN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000553591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:01:01Z","timestamp":1786118461000},"page":"291-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiometabolic Risk, Evaluation, and Control in Lupus Nephritis"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Dawn Se Teng","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Andres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui Zhuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung Lin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felice Fangie","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene Yanjia","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8477-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason C.J.","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0021-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia 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