{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:23:15Z","timestamp":1787674995243,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Innate Immun"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are small peptides conjugated to proteins during post-translational modification, which have been reported to modulate several aspects of the immune system, notably in autoimmune disorders. Methods: We used a SUMO-based bacterial expression system to create a recombinant protein putatively expressed by Toxocara canis, which we hypothesised might antagonise responses via the chemokine receptor CXCR1. Results: Although our recombinant T. canis protein was devoid of antagonist activity, we serendipitously observed that recombinant SUMO-3 protein had chemotactic activity for CXCR1 transfectants. Further study found that SUMO-3 acted as a full agonist of CXCR1 and the closely related receptor CXCR2, the latter responses ablated by a CXCR2 antagonist. SUMO-3 showed similar efficacy at both receptors but reduced potency when compared to CXCL8, with chemotaxis observed at high nanomolar to micromolar concentrations. In receptor endocytosis assays, SUMO-3 induced internalisation of CXCR1 and CXCR2, with inferior potency and efficacy to CXCL8. Translating our findings to primary cells, a broad range of SUMO-3 concentration gradients were shown to induce the chemotaxis of human neutrophils. Finally, SUMO-3 was found to be released by necrotic cells into the extracellular milieu. Conclusions: Collectively, our findings suggest that SUMO-3 can induce the chemotaxis of neutrophils via CXCR1 and CXCR2. We postulate that in vivo, release of SUMO-3 from necrotic cells may serve to recruit neutrophils, contributing to tissue homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000553655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:00:59Z","timestamp":1784563259000},"page":"414-429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier SUMO-3 Acts as a Neutrophil Chemoattractant via the Chemokine Receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2"],"prefix":"10.1159","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Giblin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlad Razvan","family":"Moiseanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina 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