{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:54:23Z","timestamp":1790927663185,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Blood Purif"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition driven by a dysregulated immune response to infection, often leading to multi-organ failure and high mortality. Beyond oxygen transport, red blood cells (RBCs) may contribute to sepsis pathophysiology through eryptosis, a form of programmed RBC death characterized by cell shrinkage, membrane changes, and phosphatidylserine exposure. This study explored the association between bacterial exposure and eryptosis, assessing its potential as a biomarker for sepsis progression. Methods: Three in vitro experiments were conducted using RBCs from healthy donors. First, baseline eryptosis was evaluated over time in the absence of bacterial exposure. Second, RBCs were exposed to different concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to assess the relationship between bacterial load and eryptosis. Finally, both bacterial species were tested at equal concentrations to compare their pro-eryptotic effects. Eryptosis was assessed by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC staining. Results: Eryptosis increased over time under control conditions, although activation remained low at 72 h. Exposure to bacteria resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent increase in eryptosis. In the experiment using different bacterial concentrations, S. aureus induced greater eryptosis than E. coli at the tested doses. However, when both bacteria were evaluated at equal concentrations, E. coli induced higher eryptosis levels than S. aureus. Conclusion: Eryptosis may serve as a biomarker of sepsis severity, sensitive to bacterial type and concentration. Gram-negative bacteria, particularly E. coli, caused greater RBC injury at comparable bacterial loads. These findings warrant further investigation into eryptosis as a potential diagnostic tool and therapeutic target in sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/bpu\/abpag015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:28:05Z","timestamp":1788521285000},"page":"1-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Eryptosis Induced by Bacterial Concentrations in Sepsis: A Translational Approach"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1696-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"de Cal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natascha","family":"Perin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Pedreros-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Macc\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Ronco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.628302"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00003.2023"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.11.002"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814176"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b02b3f"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066612452838"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342534"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070450"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2100-3"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17691\/stm2022.14.3.05"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children7100189"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422254"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.884690"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1718803"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14704"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04009-w"}],"container-title":["Blood Purification"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/bpu\/abpag015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:17:23Z","timestamp":1790925443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/bpu\/abpag015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":17,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/bpu\/abpag015","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0253-5068","1421-9735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0253-5068","type":"print"},{"value":"1421-9735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}