{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:39:34Z","timestamp":1792687174736,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/pages\/terms-and-conditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neonatology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a major cause of neurodevelopmental impairment in premature infants and is characterized by inflammation-associated white matter injury. Breast milk-derived exosomes have regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. Methods: Experimental PVL was induced in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats by maternal lipopolysaccharide administration. Animals were assigned to control (n=10), PVL (n=9), PVL + saline (n=10), and PVL + exosome (n=9) groups. Breast milk-derived exosomes were isolated, characterized according to MISEV2018 criteria, and administered intranasally on postnatal days 1, 3, and 5. Histopathological and biochemical analyses were performed on postnatal day 7. Results: Significant differences were observed among groups in microcystic injury, myelin basic protein (MBP) staining, and tyrosine hydroxylase staining (p&lt;0.05). Exosome treatment reduced microcystic white matter injury and preserved MBP staining intensity compared with untreated PVL groups. Tyrosine hydroxylase staining was also higher in the exosome-treated group. No significant differences were observed in GFAP staining intensity, histopathological inflammation scores, or IL-6 levels. IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 showed altered profiles, suggesting immunomodulatory effects. PKH26 labeling demonstrated exosome-associated fluorescence in the frontal cortex and hippocampus after intranasal administration. Conclusions: Intranasal breast milk-derived exosomes attenuated white matter injury and preserved markers of myelin and neuronal integrity in experimental PVL, supporting further investigation in larger models with functional outcome assessments. These findings support a potential cell-free neuroprotective strategy for inflammation-associated neonatal brain injury. However, the use of human breast milk-derived exosomes in rats and the absence of long-term functional outcomes warrant further comparative and longitudinal studies before clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/neo\/adsag034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:45:07Z","timestamp":1792496707000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuroprotective Effect of Intranasal Breast Milk-Derived Exosomes in a Neonatal Rat Model of Periventricular Leukomalacia"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"given":"Y\u00fccel","family":"Pekal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ece","family":"Koyuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6zde","family":"Topel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esin","family":"Avci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cansu","family":"Baris Mogul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa","family":"Turgut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zmert M.A.","family":"\u00d6zdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse B\u00fcsra","family":"Pekal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagihan","family":"Yal\u00e7in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"container-title":["Neonatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/neo\/adsag034","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:01:24Z","timestamp":1792684884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/neo\/adsag034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/neo\/adsag034","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.34714497","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1661-7800","1661-7819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1661-7800","type":"print"},{"value":"1661-7819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}}}