{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:57:20Z","timestamp":1791190640641,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"S. Karger AG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skin Pharmacol Physiol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;p&gt;Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common remitting-relapsing inflammatory skin disease characterized by eczematous lesions, xerosis, and pruritus. It is associated with a defective permeability barrier and increased susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus colonization. It has been demonstrated that the abrogated epidermal barrier is related to a decreased mass of ceramides and long-chain fatty acids in the stratum corneum (SC). The inherent pH of healthy SC is below 5, and a low pH is required for proper assembly of the barrier lipids. In AD, the pH is elevated. Summary: A defective permeability barrier of the SC is the primary defect in AD. This defect reflects a reduction of ceramide and fatty acid mass in the SC due to reduced glucocerebrosidase and acid sphingomyelinase activity and a shift in fatty acid synthesis from long-chain to short-chain fatty acids and the incorporation of these shorter fatty acids into ceramides. Topically applied ceramides can restore epidermal function to a damaged barrier. Ceramide-containing moisturizers have produced partial restoration of the barrier function in AD by influencing lipid organization. Other topical and systemic therapies are also discussed. Key Message: Correcting the barrier defect by topically supplied ceramides and long-chain fatty acids in sufficient amounts could contribute to restoration of the microbiome and decreasing irritation and pruritus.&lt;\/p&gt;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/spp\/aetag001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T13:02:07Z","timestamp":1786021327000},"page":"1-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ceramides and the Defective Barrier in Atopic Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.1159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-5475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip W.","family":"Wertz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim W.","family":"Fluhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"127","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2023.101252"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000104420"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000112956"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12526137"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050453"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.06.010"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1396-0296.2004.04s1005.x"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12470383"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000513261"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000535049"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000546731"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep13071317"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12470386"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms.22105229"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12492217"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00410a031"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-2736(03)00238-4"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.07.040"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2022.100258"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2018.06.008"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(93)90135-n"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.08.039"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2009.04.001"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbior.2013.09.012"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104603"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201402153"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2018.09.010"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.11.005"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.15.8402"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130675"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3511"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000536671"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-005-0551-2"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158673"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01833.x"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15640"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12293"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.88"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2009.07157.x"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2015.09.004"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/j.sder.2016.041"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8231-1"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105318"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.06.046"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.02.014"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12327"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000500402"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/287147a0"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111074"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810049"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.11.009"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.4.1483"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-013-0013-9"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200831030-00001"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.12.025"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S522343"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16009"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754221130969"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02000-z"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-025-00927-x"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01741-z"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-025-00955-7"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.009"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70061"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1750743X.2025.2464528"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.08.009"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000519669"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01748-6"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.05.004"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.03.1662"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0011"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206714"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2008.44.10.1276838"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000493641"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2011.00568.x"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.124617"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024594"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15747"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(68)90128-8"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13345\/j.cjb.221021"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2024.07.005"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12265510"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12103.x"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12471781"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-0044-3"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01706.x"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2018.05.003"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1015810312465"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2012.05.017"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2013.07.011"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.02.037"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-016-0097-6"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08478.x"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09546630903085336"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12199"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2395"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.2020.4796"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00426-3"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14970"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20955"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12932\/AP-230920-0969"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljaf200"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000534136"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2006.00344.x"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000541022"}],"container-title":["Skin Pharmacology and Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1159\/spp\/aetag001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:48:00Z","timestamp":1791190080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/karger.com\/article\/doi\/10.1159\/spp\/aetag001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":105,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/spp\/aetag001","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-5527","1660-5535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-5527","type":"print"},{"value":"1660-5535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}}}