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Predation risk may shape and increase behavioural flexibility by forcing individuals to adapt their behaviour to predator patterns. Forest leopards are an apex predator of primates in African rain forests and may represent a significant risk to ape populations. More field data are needed to further elucidate the behavioural modifications of apes in response to predation. We present research methods that combine the use of remote camera traps, capture-mark-recapture statistics and occupancy modelling to study predator-African ape relationships and potential antipredator behaviour through spatial variation in species co-occurrence patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1159\/000342143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,4]],"date-time":"2013-02-04T13:07:33Z","timestamp":1359983253000},"page":"312-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Non-Human Predator Interactions with Wild Great Apes in Africa and the Use of Camera Traps to Study Their Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Klailova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Henschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Phyllis","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Rovero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angelique","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"sref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.05.110174.001545","volume":"5","author":"Alexander RD","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics"},{"key":"sref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02382520","volume":"27","author":"Anderson CM","year":"1986","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"sref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/441303a","volume":"441","author":"Arnold K","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"sref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-004-3953-0","volume":"15","author":"Azlan JM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biodiversity and Conservation"},{"key":"sref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381239","volume":"22","author":"Baldwin PJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"sref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2193\/2007-368","volume":"73","author":"Balme GA","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"sref_8","volume":"10","author":"Blanc L","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management doi"},{"key":"sref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1163\/156853991X00544","volume":"117","author":"Boesch C","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behavior"},{"key":"sref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330780410","volume":"78","author":"Boesch C","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"sref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2007.00881.x","volume":"46","author":"Bowkett AE","year":"2007","journal-title":"African Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"sref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1038","volume":"55","author":"Brownlow AR","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Primatology"},{"key":"sref_14","first-page":"13","volume":"43","author":"Brugiere D","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cat News"},{"key":"sref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/S1367943001001081","volume":"4","author":"Carbone C","year":"2001","journal-title":"Animal Conservation"},{"key":"sref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2307\/2793977","volume":"55","author":"Chance MRA","year":"1955","journal-title":"Man"},{"key":"sref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1023\/B:IJOP.0000005988.52177.45","volume":"24","author":"Cipolletta C","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Primatology"},{"key":"sref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0298","volume":"53","author":"Cowlishaw G","year":"1997","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"sref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/2101200a0","volume":"210","author":"Crook JH","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature(London)"},{"key":"sref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000091230","volume":"77","author":"D\u2019Amour DE","year":"2006","journal-title":"Folia Primatologica"},{"key":"sref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1995.1048","volume":"29","author":"Fay MJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"sref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(74)80002-3","volume":"22","author":"Fossey D","year":"1974","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"sref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5134\/143555","volume":"7","author":"Furuichi T","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gabon. 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