{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:42:55Z","timestamp":1792428175386,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KA 717\/4\u20131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA 717\/4\u20131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thromb Haemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microvascular endothelial damage underlies the pathological changes in haemorrhagic colitis and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Shiga toxins (Stxs) are presently the best characterised EHEC virulence factors that can cause the microvascular endothelium injury. Stxs are released by EHEC in the intestine, absorbed across the gut epithelium into the circulation, and transported to small vessel endothelial cells. Then, they presumably injure the host cell by inhibiting protein synthesis, stimulating prothrombotic messages,or inducing apoptosis. The net result is a multi-organ thrombotic process. Moreover, Stxs stimulate a variety of non-endothelial cells to produce and secrete inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules) which could potentiate the effects of Stxs on endothelial cells. The association of HUS with Stx-negative E. coli strains stimulated intensive research on putative non-Stx virulence factors, which might also contribute to the pathogenesis of HUS and haemorrhagic colitis. Based on current data, cytolethal distending toxin, EHEC haemolysin, and subtilase cytotoxin might be such candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1160\/th05-04-0265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,14]],"date-time":"2005-07-14T09:52:10Z","timestamp":1121334730000},"page":"312-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Consequences of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection for the vascular endothelium"],"prefix":"10.1160","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Bielaszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Karch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.2.1.15","article-title":"Infection by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"MA Karmali","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1385\/MB:26:2:117","article-title":"Infection by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overview","volume":"26","author":"MA Karmali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Shiga-toxinproducing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome","volume":"365","author":"PI Tarr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1086\/319269","article-title":"The United States national prospective hemolytic uremic syndrome study: microbiologic, serologic, clinical, and epidemiologic findings","volume":"183","author":"N Banatvala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(99)00031-0","article-title":"Epidemiology and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections","volume":"34","author":"H Karch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"61920.","article-title":"Sporadic cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with faecal cytotoxin and cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in stools","volume":"1","author":"MA Karmali","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.5.775","article-title":"The association between idiopathic hemolytic uremic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"151","author":"MA Karmali","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2043-2049.2001","article-title":"Sorbitol-fermenting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157: Hstrains: epidemiology, phenotypic and molecular characteristics, and microbiological diagnosis","volume":"39","author":"H Karch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1086\/338115","article-title":"Escherichia coli harboring Shiga toxin 2 gene variants: frequency and association with clinical symptoms","volume":"185","author":"AW Friedrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1086\/341940","article-title":"Clinical course and the role of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in pediatric patients, 1997\u20132000, in Germany and Austria: a prospective study","volume":"186","author":"A Gerber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.020266","article-title":"Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli infections associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome, Italy,1988 -2000","volume":"9","author":"AE Tozzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.85.2.125","article-title":"Nationwide study of haemolytic uraemic syndrome: clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological features","volume":"85","author":"EJ Elliott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520170059036","article-title":"A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157: H7-associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers. 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