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This study examined whether a reduction of S1P plasma levels affects atherosclerosis in a murine model of disease. LDL-R\u2212\/\u2212mice on Western diet were given ABC294640, an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase (SphK) for 16 weeks. ABC294640 decreased plasma S1P by approximately 30%. However, ABC294640 failed to affect atherosclerotic lesion formation. Plasma triglycerides were reduced whereas total and HDL-cholesterol remained unchanged in course of ABC294640 treatment. ABC294640 increased plasma interleukin (IL)-12p70 and RANTES concentration as well as IL-12p70, RANTES and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 production by peritoneal cells and this was paralleled by enhanced activity of peritoneal and spleen dendritic cells as evidenced by up-regulation of CD86 and MHC-II on CD11c+ cells. As a consequence, increased T-cell activation was noted in ABC294640-treated mice as indicated by enhanced CD4+ splenocyte proliferation, IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 production, and CD69 expression. Con-comitantly, however, ABC294640 treatment redistributed CD4+ and CD8+ cells from blood to lymphatic organs and reduced T-cell number within atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, plasma sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, and MCP-1 levels as well as in vivo leukocyte adhesion and CCL19-induced T-cell penetration into peritoneum were lower in ABC294640-treated animals. In vitro experiments demonstrated reduced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression and lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells exposed to ABC294640. In conclusion, treatment with SphK inhibitor leads to both pro- and anti-atherogenic effects in LDL-R\u2212\/\u2212 mice. As a consequence, SphK inhibition fails to affect atherosclerosis despite significant S1P reduction in plasma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1160\/th11-08-0583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T08:00:07Z","timestamp":1326268807000},"page":"552-561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sphingosine kinase inhibition exerts both pro- and anti-atherogenic effects in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDL-R\u2212\/\u2212) 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