{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:39:32Z","timestamp":1792719572890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thromb Haemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral anticoagulants are a mainstay of cardiovascular therapy, and for over 60 years vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) were the only available agents for long-term use. VKAs interfere with the cyclic inter-conversion of vitamin K and its 2,3 epoxide, thus inhibiting \u03b3-carboxylation of glutamate residues at the amino-termini of vitamin K-dependent proteins, including the coagulation factors (F) II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X, as well as of the anticoagulant proteins C, S and Z. The overall effect of such interference is a dose-dependent anticoagulant effect, which has been therapeutically exploited in heart disease since the early 1950s. In this position paper, we review the mechanisms of action, pharmacological properties and side effects of VKAs, which are used in the management of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease (where their use is limited), stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, heart valves and\/or chronic heart failure. Using an evidence-based approach, we describe the results of completed clinical trials, highlight areas of uncertainty, and recommend therapeutic options for specific disorders. Although VKAs are being increasingly replaced in most patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation by the new oral anticoagulants, which target either thrombin or FXa, the VKAs remain the agents of choice for patients with atrial fibrillation in the setting of rheumatic valvular disease and for those with mechanical heart valves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1160\/th13-06-0443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,14]],"date-time":"2013-11-14T03:42:15Z","timestamp":1384400535000},"page":"1087-1107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":312,"title":["Vitamin K antagonists in heart disease: Current status and perspectives (Section III)"],"prefix":"10.1160","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Steen","family":"Husted","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Wallentin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicita","family":"Andreotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Arnesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fedor","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Baigent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Huber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Jespersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steen Dalby","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory Y. H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joa\u00f5","family":"Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Hvilsted","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agneta","family":"Siegbahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freek W. A.","family":"Verheugt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey I.","family":"Weitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele De","family":"Caterina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"21","volume":"138","year":"1941","journal-title":"Nutrition classics from The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-06-0403","article-title":"General mechanisms of coagulation and targets of anticoagulants (Section I) - Position Paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis \u2013 Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease","volume":"109","author":"R De Caterina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-06-0403","article-title":"Parenteral anticoagulants in heart disease: Current status and perspectives (Section II) - Position Paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis \u2013 Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease","volume":"109","author":"R De Caterina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr373","article-title":"Antiplatelet agents for the treatment and prevention of atherothrombosis","volume":"32","author":"C Patrono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl492","article-title":"Anticoagulants in heart disease: current status and perspectives","volume":"28","author":"R De Caterina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.02.008","article-title":"New oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndromes: ESC Working Group on Thrombosis-Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease Position Paper","volume":"59","author":"R De Caterina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0670","article-title":"Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)","volume":"133","author":"J Ansell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2006.01.023","article-title":"Frequency of CYP2C9 polymorphisms affecting warfarin metabolism in a large anticoagulant clinic cohort","volume":"39","author":"M Moridani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.13.1690","article-title":"Association between CYP2C9 genetic variants and anticoagulation-related outcomes during warfarin therapy","volume":"287","author":"MK Higashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-12-255992","article-title":"Warfarin pharmacogenetics: a single VKORC1 polymorphism is predictive of dose across 3 racial groups","volume":"115","author":"NA Limdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809329","article-title":"Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data","volume":"360","author":"TE Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03677.x","article-title":"Ability of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 to predict therapeutic warfarin dose during the initial weeks of therapy","volume":"8","author":"NS Ferder","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-06-0388","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic warfarin dose refinements remain significantly influenced by genetic factors after one week of therapy","volume":"107","author":"BD Horne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2012.11.004","article-title":"The influence of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene sequence variants on the stability of maintenance phase warfarin treatment","volume":"131","author":"J Skov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-012-0725-7","article-title":"Impact of CYP2C9*3, VKORC1-1639, CYP4F2rs2108622 genetic polymorphism and clinical factors on warfarin maintenance dose in Han-Chinese patients","volume":"34","author":"R Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-08-038984","article-title":"A coding VKORC1 Asp36Tyr polymorphism predisposes to warfarin resistance","volume":"109","author":"R Loebstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr116","article-title":"Loading and maintenance dose algorithms for phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol using patient characteristics and pharmacogenetic data","volume":"32","author":"RM van Schie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-010-0950-y","article-title":"Prediction of phenprocoumon maintenance dose and phenprocoumon plasma concentration by genetic and non-genetic parameters","volume":"67","author":"C Geisen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.12.174","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of genetic variations in GATA-4 on the phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol maintenance dose","volume":"13","author":"RM van Schie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2012.04633.x","article-title":"Long-term anticoagulant effects of the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes in acenocoumarol users","volume":"10","author":"TI Verhoef","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-08-0631","article-title":"Creating a genotype-based dosing algorithm for acenocoumarol steady dose","volume":"109","author":"JJ Cerezo-Manchado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41360.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041360","article-title":"An acenocoumarol dosing algorithm using clinical and pharmacogenetic data in Spanish patients with thromboembolic disease","volume":"7","author":"AM Borobia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2012.04694.x","article-title":"An evaluation of gene-gene interaction between the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes affecting the anticoagulant effect of phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol","volume":"10","author":"RM van Schie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04095.x","article-title":"Impact of genetic factors (VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and EPHX1) on the anticoagulation response to fluindione","volume":"73","author":"K Lacut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03256417","article-title":"Genotype-based dosing algorithms for warfarin therapy: data review and recommendations","volume":"15","author":"EG Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.070920","article-title":"A randomized and clinical effectiveness trial comparing two pharmacogenetic algorithms and standard care for individualizing warfarin dosing (CoumaGen-II)","volume":"125","author":"JL Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.11.184","article-title":"Prediction of warfarin dose: why, when and how?","volume":"13","author":"N Eriksson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03672.x","article-title":"Warfarin and vitamin K intake in the era of pharmacogenetics","volume":"70","author":"Y Lurie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.070946","article-title":"Drug interactions with warfarin: what clinicians need to know","volume":"177","author":"DN Juurlink","year":"2007","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270005278224","article-title":"Effect of rosuvastatin on warfarin pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics","volume":"45","author":"SG Simonson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.12.40","article-title":"A clinically significant interaction between warfarin and simvastatin is unique to carriers of the CYP2C9*3 allele","volume":"13","author":"ML Andersson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1045-0","article-title":"Plenty of pills: polypharmacy prevails in patients of a Danish anticoagulant clinic","volume":"67","author":"J Skov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-05-0344","article-title":"Perceived stress predicts the stability of vitamin K-antagonist treatment of anticoagulant clinic patients","volume":"108","author":"J Skov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Requirements for thromboplastins and plasma used to control oral anticoagulant therapy (Requirements for Biological Substances no.30, revised 1982)","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"225","article-title":"Progress in standardisation in anticoagulant control","volume":"1","author":"L Poller","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hematol Rev"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00775.x","article-title":"International Normalized Ratios (INR): the first 20 years","volume":"2","author":"L Poller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657371","article-title":"Calibration of reference thromboplastins and standardisation of the prothrombin time ratio","volume":"49","author":"TB Kirkwood","year":"1983","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3_suppl.204S","article-title":"The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy","volume":"126","author":"J Ansell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1651019","article-title":"The effect of some instruments for prothrombin time testing on the International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of two rabbit tissue thromboplastin reagents","volume":"62","author":"M Poggio","year":"1989","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1646552","article-title":"A Multi-centre study to evaluate method dependency of the international sensitivity index of bovine thromboplastin","volume":"61","author":"RH Peters","year":"1989","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1645059","article-title":"The dependence of the International Sensitivity Index on the coagulometer used to perform the prothrombin time","volume":"63","author":"MJ Ray","year":"1990","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614420","article-title":"Influence of three types of automated coagulometers on the international sensitivity index (ISI) of rabbit, human, and recombinant human tissue factor preparations--a multicenter study","volume":"81","author":"AMHP van den Besselaar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.1.58","article-title":"Assessment of value of calibrated lyophilised plasmas to determine International Sensitivity Index for coagulometers","volume":"45","author":"K Clarke","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00970.x","article-title":"Guidelines on preparation, certification, and use of certified plasmas for ISI calibration and INR determination","volume":"2","author":"AMHP van den Besselaar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.141937","article-title":"Simplified method for international normalized ratio (INR) derivation based on the prothrombin time\/INR line: an international study","volume":"56","author":"L Poller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2011-200068","article-title":"INR derivation with the PT\/INR Line simplified using a spreadsheet from the world wide web","volume":"64","author":"L Poller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/108.1.83","article-title":"Long-term French experience in INR standardization by a procedure using plasma calibrants","volume":"108","author":"LL Houbouyan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.02959.x","article-title":"An international multicenter randomized study of computer-assisted oral anticoagulant dosage vs. medical staff dosage","volume":"6","author":"L Poller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905561","article-title":"Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"361","author":"SJ Connolly","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"981","article-title":"for the ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators","volume":"365","author":"CB Granger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009638","article-title":"Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"365","author":"MR Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12164","article-title":"Phase III studies on novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a look beyond the excellent results: a rebuttal","volume":"11","author":"L Poller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04147-6","article-title":"Multicentre randomised study of computerised anticoagulant dosage. European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation","volume":"352","author":"L Poller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1661040","article-title":"Successful progressive anticoagulation in a severe protein C deficiency and previous skin necrosis at the initiation of oral anticoagulant treatment","volume":"51","author":"M Samama","year":"1984","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-09-0585","article-title":"Activated protein C concentrate treatment for skin necrosis under warfarin treatment in severe genetic protein C deficiency combined with prothrombin mutation and factor V Leiden","volume":"101","author":"N Rosenzweig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112319","article-title":"Relationship between protein C antigen and anticoagulant activity during oral anticoagulation and in selected disease states","volume":"77","author":"S Vigano D'Angelo","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1651587","article-title":"A method to determine the optimal intensity of oral anticoagulant therapy","volume":"69","author":"FR Rosendaal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-10-201111150-00003","article-title":"Warfarin dose assessment every 4 weeks versus every 12 weeks in patients with stable international normalized ratios: a randomized trial","volume":"155","author":"S Schulman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01605.x","article-title":"Gains and losses of warfarin therapy as performed in an anticoagulation clinic","volume":"259","author":"AM Njaastad","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03558.x","article-title":"Screening computer-assisted dosage programs for anticoagulation with warfarin and other vitamin K-antagonists: minimum safety requirements for individual programs. On behalf of the Subcommittee on Control of Anti-coagulation of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the ISTH","volume":"7","author":"L Poller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-12-0790","article-title":"Precision and accuracy of CoaguChek S and XS monitors: the need for external quality assessment","volume":"101","author":"L Poller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-10-0683","article-title":"External quality assessment (EQA) for CoaguChek monitors","volume":"103","author":"J Jespersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022913","article-title":"Effect of intensity of oral anti-coagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation","volume":"349","author":"EM Hylek","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608223350802","article-title":"An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anti-coagulation for patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation","volume":"335","author":"EM Hylek","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657641","article-title":"Determination of the International Sensitivity Index of a new near-patient testing device to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy--overview of the assessment of conformity to the calibration model","volume":"78","author":"A Tripodi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.019653","article-title":"European concerted action on anticoagulation. Quality assessment of the CoaguChek Mini and TAS PT-NC point-of-care whole-blood prothrombin time monitors","volume":"50","author":"L Poller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1309\/6Q8DY5J1THA8BQG3","article-title":"A national field study of quality assessment of CoaguChek point-of-care testing prothrombin time monitors","volume":"126","author":"P Meijer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.071639","article-title":"Quality assessment of CoaguChek point-of-care prothrombin time monitors: comparison of the European community-approved procedure and conventional external quality assessment","volume":"52","author":"L Poller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04568.x","article-title":"Precision and accuracy of point-of-care testing coagulometers used for self-testing and self-management of oral anticoagulation therapy","volume":"10","author":"TD Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68139-7","article-title":"Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"367","author":"C Heneghan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.21.2639","article-title":"Comparison of the quality of oral anticoagulant therapy through patient self-management and management by specialized anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"163","author":"APA Gadisseur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1160\/TH03-09-0598","article-title":"Systematic review of studies of self-management of oral anticoagulation","volume":"91","author":"A Siebenhofer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1002617","article-title":"Effect of home testing of international normalized ratio on clinical events","volume":"363","author":"DB Matchar","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"584","article-title":"Patient self-management of oral anticoagulant care vs","volume":"2","author":"APM Gadisseur","year":"2004","journal-title":"management by specialized anticoagulation clinics: positive effects on quality of life"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61294-4","article-title":"Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"379","author":"C Heneghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1_suppl.194S","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation","volume":"119","author":"GW Albers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90585-W","article-title":"Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) Study","volume":"18","author":"SJ Connolly","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440040081009","article-title":"Bleeding during anti-thrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"156","author":"The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01109-9","article-title":"Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy","volume":"348","author":"G Palareti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.5_Supplement.511S","article-title":"Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment","volume":"114","author":"MN Levine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.6.1223","article-title":"Factors associated with ischemic stroke during aspirin therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of 2012 participants in the SPAF I-III clinical trials. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) Investigators","volume":"30","author":"RG Hart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91200-2","article-title":"Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK study","volume":"333","author":"P Petersen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011293232201","article-title":"The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation","volume":"323","author":"The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.2.527","article-title":"Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Final results","volume":"84","author":"The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study Investigators","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199211123272002","article-title":"Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators","volume":"327","author":"MD Ezekowitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2300","article-title":"Management of atrial fibrillation: discrepancy between guideline recommendations and actual practice exposes patients to risk for complications","volume":"22","author":"V Frykman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.856120","article-title":"The first evaluation of a novel vitamin K antagonist, tecarfarin (ATI-5923), in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"120","author":"DJ Ellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.893362","article-title":"New therapies for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: the long road to enhanced efficacy","volume":"120","author":"JE Freedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11475-1","article-title":"Thrombosis prevention trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk","volume":"351","author":"The Medical Research Council's General Practice Research Framework","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007193230302","article-title":"The effect of warfarin on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction","volume":"323","author":"P Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"499","article-title":"Effect of long-term oral anticoagulant treatment on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after myocardial infarction","volume":"343","author":"Anticoagulants in the Secondary Prevention of Events in Coronary Thrombosis (ASPECT) Research Group","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020496","article-title":"Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction","volume":"347","author":"M Hurlen","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09409-6","article-title":"Aspirin and coumadin after acute coronary syndromes (the ASPECT-2 study): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"RF van Es","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(90)91155-Y","article-title":"Usefulness of antithrombotic therapy in resting angina pectoris or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction in preventing death and myocardial infarction (a pilot study from the Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Study Group)","volume":"66","author":"M Cohen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.1.81","article-title":"Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in nonprior aspirin users. Primary end points analysis from the ATACS trial. Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Research Group","volume":"89","author":"M Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)01180-X","article-title":"Randomised double-blind trial of fixed low-dose warfarin with aspirin after myocardial infarction","volume":"350","author":"Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction Study (CARS) Investigators","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01118-9","article-title":"Effects of long-term, moderate-intensity oral anticoagulation in addition to aspirin in unstable angina","volume":"37","author":"The Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS) Investigators","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0502.103329","article-title":"Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Trial comparing combined warfarin and aspirin with aspirin alone in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: primary results of the CHAMP study","volume":"105","author":"LD Fiore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000024408.81821.32","article-title":"Aspirin plus coumarin versus aspirin alone in the prevention of reocclusion after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction: results of the Antithrombotics in the Prevention of Reocclusion In Coronary Thrombolysis (APRICOT)-2 Trial","volume":"106","author":"MA Brouwer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2003.10.026","article-title":"Effect of fixed low-dose warfarin added to aspirin in the long term after acute myocardial infarction; the LoWASA Study","volume":"25","author":"J Herlitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi485","article-title":"Aspirin plus warfarin compared to aspirin alone after acute coronary syndromes: an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis of 25 307 patients","volume":"27","author":"F Andreotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010746","article-title":"Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation","volume":"345","author":"S Yusuf","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.2.157","article-title":"Long-term effects on clinical outcomes of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation in the post coronary artery bypass graft trial. Post CABG Investigators","volume":"102","author":"GL Knatterud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.4.386","article-title":"Effect of coumarins started before coronary angioplasty on acute complications and long-term follow-up: a randomized trial","volume":"102","author":"JM ten Berg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.2.215","article-title":"A randomized comparison of combined ticlopidine and aspirin therapy versus aspirin therapy alone after successful intravascular ultrasound-guided stent implantation","volume":"93","author":"P Hall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604253341702","article-title":"A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents","volume":"334","author":"A Sch\u00f6mig","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199812033392303","article-title":"A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-artery stenting. Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators","volume":"339","author":"MB Leon","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.16.1597","article-title":"Randomized multicenter comparison of conventional anti-coagulation versus antiplatelet therapy in unplanned and elective coronary stenting. The full anticoagulation versus aspirin and ticlopidine (fantastic) study","volume":"98","author":"ME Bertrand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.20.2126","article-title":"Randomized evaluation of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy after coronary stent implantation in high-risk patients: the multicenter aspirin and ticlopidine trial after intracoronary stenting (MATTIS)","volume":"98","author":"P Urban","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.03.011","article-title":"A comparison of dabigatran etexilate with warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves: THE Randomized, phase II study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral dabigatran etexilate in patients after heart valve replacement (RE-ALIGN)","volume":"163","author":"F Van de Werf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300615","article-title":"Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves","volume":"369","author":"JW Eikelboom","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000267275.68538.8d","article-title":"Independent predictors of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Hart RG for the Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrilattion Group","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-08-0508","article-title":"Stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of stroke risk factors, risk stratification schema and cost effectiveness data","volume":"99","author":"M Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00415-5","article-title":"Incident stroke after discharge from the hospital with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation","volume":"108","author":"L Frost","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.033","article-title":"Risk factors and incidence of ischemic stroke in Taiwanese with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation-A nationwide database analysis","volume":"217","author":"L-Y Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d124.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d124","article-title":"Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study","volume":"342","author":"JB Olesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04308.x","article-title":"Impact of vascular disease in predicting stroke and death in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study","volume":"9","author":"LH Rasmussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.8.2178","article-title":"Silent cerebral infarction in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators","volume":"92","author":"MD Ezekowitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390160077016","article-title":"Risk factors for thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK study","volume":"150","author":"P Petersen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.22.2864","article-title":"Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"285","author":"BF Gage","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-11-0757","article-title":"The CHADS2 score for stroke risk stratification in atrial fibrillation--friend or foe?","volume":"104","author":"G Karthikeyan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq278","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"31","author":"AJ Camm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.024","article-title":"Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal\/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs\/Alcohol Concomitantly) score","volume":"57","author":"GYH Lip","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.04085.x","article-title":"A comparison of risk stratification schemes for stroke in 79,884 atrial fibrillation patients in general practice","volume":"9","author":"TP van Staa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-03-0175","article-title":"The value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation with a CHADS2 score 0-1: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"107","author":"JB Olesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs253","article-title":"2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association","volume":"33","author":"AJ Camm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00007","article-title":"Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"146","author":"RG Hart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3057(10)80159-4","article-title":"A differential effect of aspirin in prevention of stroke on atrial fibrillation","volume":"3","author":"The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation investigators","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000198839.61112.ee","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin for prevention of stroke in low-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Japan Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Trial","volume":"37","author":"H Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61233-1","article-title":"Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"J Mant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901301","article-title":"Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"360","author":"SJ Connolly","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007432","article-title":"Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"364","author":"SJ Connolly","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq117","article-title":"Antithrombotic management of atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and\/or undergoing coronary stenting: executive summary--a Consensus Document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, endorsed by the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI)","volume":"31","author":"GYH Lip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-08-0580","article-title":"Management of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and\/or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention\/ stenting","volume":"103","author":"GYH Lip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.965186","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting: a North American perspective: executive summary","volume":"4","author":"DP Faxon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-08-0602","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting: similarities and dissimilarities between North America and Europe","volume":"106","author":"K Huber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2010.11.007","article-title":"Canadian Cardiovascular Society atrial fibrillation guidelines 2010: prevention of stroke and systemic thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation and flutter","volume":"27","author":"JA Cairns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-10-0685","article-title":"Bleeding risks with combination of oral anticoagulation plus antiplatelet therapy: is clopidogrel any safer than aspirin when combined with warfarin?","volume":"100","author":"KH Tay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1160\/TH10-07-0491","article-title":"New-onset atrial fibrillation and warfarin initiation: high risk periods and implications for new antithrombotic drugs","volume":"104","author":"DA Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-10-0690","article-title":"Bleeding risk assessment and management in atrial fibrillation patients. Executive Summary of a Position Document from the European Heart Rhythm Association [EHRA], endorsed by the European Society of Cardiology [ESC] Working Group on Thrombosis","volume":"106","author":"GYH Lip","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0134","article-title":"A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey","volume":"138","author":"R Pisters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04378.x","article-title":"Bleeding risk in 'real world' patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison of two established bleeding prediction schemes in a nationwide cohort","volume":"9","author":"JB Olesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.06.019","article-title":"Performance of the HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, and HASBLED bleeding risk-prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS (evaluating the use of SR34006 compared to warfarin or acenocoumarol in patients with atrial fibrillation) study","volume":"60","author":"S Apostolakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.112.972869","article-title":"Assessing the risk of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Loire Valley Atrial Fibrillation project","volume":"5","author":"GYH Lip","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0608","article-title":"Predictive value of the HAS-BLED and ATRIA bleeding scores for the risk of serious bleeding in a \"real-world\" population with atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulant therapy","volume":"143","author":"V Roldan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.10.052","article-title":"Validation of contemporary stroke and bleeding risk stratification scores in non-anticoagulated Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"168","author":"Y Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.10.010","article-title":"Performance of the HEMORR 2 HAGES, ATRIA, and HAS-BLED bleeding risk-prediction scores in nonwarfarin anticoagulated atrial fibrillation patients","volume":"61","author":"S Apostolakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-12-0827","article-title":"The HAS-BLED score predicts bleedings during bridging of chronic oral anticoagulation. Results from the national multicentre BNK Online bRiDging REgistRy (BORDER)","volume":"108","author":"H Omran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV8I6A105","article-title":"Triple antithrombotic therapy following an acute coronary syndrome: prevalence, outcomes and prognostic utility of the HAS-BLED score","volume":"8","author":"JG Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.09.148","article-title":"Comparative assessment of the HAS-BLED score with other published bleeding risk scoring schemes, for intracranial haemorrhage risk in a non-atrial fibrillation population: The Chin-Shan Community Cohort Study","volume":"168","author":"GYH Lip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-05-0364","article-title":"Risks of thromboembolism and bleeding with thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: A net clinical benefit analysis using a 'real world' nationwide cohort study","volume":"106","author":"JB Olesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.055079","article-title":"Net clinical benefit of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the Swedish atrial fibrillation cohort study","volume":"125","author":"L Friberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-11-0784","article-title":"Net clinical benefit of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus no treatment in a 'real world' atrial fibrillation population: a modelling analysis based on a nationwide cohort study","volume":"107","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5392.1209","article-title":"Systemic Embolism and Anticoagulant Prophylaxis in Rheumatic Heart Disease","volume":"1","author":"P Szekely","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-11-199806010-00001","article-title":"Predictors of systemic embolism in patients with mitral stenosis. A prospective study","volume":"128","author":"CW Chiang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e576S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2305","article-title":"Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"141","author":"RP Whitlock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref162","first-page":"230","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"28","author":"A Vahanian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref163","first-page":"2451","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). The Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"33","author":"A Vahanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi426","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of patients after heart valve surgery","volume":"26","author":"EG Butchart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref165","first-page":"2013.","volume-title":"Antithrombotic management in patients with prosthetic valves","author":"E Butchart"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.007","article-title":"2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC\/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease). Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons","volume":"52","author":"RO Bonow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus305","article-title":"2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation--developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association","volume":"14","author":"AJ Camm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.114967","article-title":"Bleeding after initiation of multiple antithrombotic drugs, including triple therapy, in atrial fibrillation patients following myocardial infarction and coronary intervention: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"126","author":"M Lamberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-08-0578","article-title":"Thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy for heart failure in sinus rhythm: an executive summary of a joint consensus document from the ESC Heart Failure Association and the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis","volume":"108","author":"GYH Lip","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e318200166d","article-title":"Oral anticoagulation with warfarin for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"S Snowden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363060-00004","article-title":"Blood coagulation in patients with chronic heart failure: evidence for hypercoagulable state and potential for pharmacological intervention","volume":"63","author":"F De Lorenzo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.75.5.1004","article-title":"Increased embolic risk in patients with left ventricular thrombi","volume":"75","author":"JR Stratton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)91069-D","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy in left ventricular thrombosis and systemic embolism","volume":"123","author":"LL Cregler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198902093200604","article-title":"Comparison of high-dose with low-dose subcutaneous heparin to prevent left ventricular mural thrombosis in patients with acute transmural anterior myocardial infarction","volume":"320","author":"AG Turpie","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90757-M","article-title":"Ventricular thrombi and thromboembolism in dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective follow-up study","volume":"123","author":"RH Falk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.02.006","article-title":"The Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Heart Failure trial (WATCH): rationale, design, and baseline patient characteristics","volume":"10","author":"BM Massie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.801753","article-title":"Randomized trial of warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with chronic heart failure: the Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH) trial","volume":"119","author":"BM Massie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.03.001","article-title":"Watching the WATCH trial: the role of sponsors and data monitoring committees","volume":"10","author":"RM Califf","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.03.010","article-title":"The Warfarin\/Aspirin Study in Heart failure (WASH): a randomized trial comparing antithrombotic strategies for patients with heart failure","volume":"148","author":"JGF Cleland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.02.012","article-title":"Efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in chronic heart failure: the HELAS study","volume":"8","author":"DV Cokkinos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202299","article-title":"Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm","volume":"366","author":"S Homma","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.031153","article-title":"New oral anticoagulants should not be used as first-line agents to prevent thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"125","author":"J Ansell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.098657","article-title":"Letter by Christensen et al. regarding article, \"New oral anticoagulants should not be used as first-line agents to prevent thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation\"","volume":"126","author":"TD Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.04109.x","article-title":"The prothrombin time\/international normalized ratio (PT\/INR) Line: derivation of local INR with commercial thromboplastins and coagulometers--two independent studies","volume":"9","author":"L Poller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(98)90122-9","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of fluindione in patients","volume":"63","author":"F Mentr\u00e9","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544120-00003","article-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol","volume":"44","author":"M Ufer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.309","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability of fluindione in octogenarians","volume":"91","author":"E Comets","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"}],"container-title":["Thrombosis and Haemostasis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1160\/TH13-06-0443.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T07:58:03Z","timestamp":1685519883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1160\/TH13-06-0443"}},"subtitle":["Position Paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis \u2013 Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1160\/th13-06-0443","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-6245","2567-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-6245","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}