{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:26:35Z","timestamp":1782210395404,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thromb Haemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4)\/heparin antibodies are not only the cause of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia but might also play a role in the antibacterial host defence. Recently, marginal zone (MZ) B cells were identified to be crucial for anti-PF4\/heparin IgG antibody production in mice. Combining human studies and a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis we further characterised the far less investigated anti-PF4\/heparin IgM immune response. We detected anti-PF4\/heparin IgM antibodies in the sera of paediatric patients &lt; 6 months of age after cardiac surgery and in sera of splenectomised mice subjected to polymicrobial sepsis. In addition, PF4\/heparin-specific IgM B cells were not only found in murine spleen, but also in peritoneum and bone marrow upon in vitro stimulation. Together, this indicates involvement of additional B cell populations, as MZ B cells are not fully developed in humans until the second year of life and are restricted to the spleen in mice. Moreover, PF4\/heparin-specific B cells were detected in human cord blood upon in vitro stimulation and PF4-\/- mice produced anti-PF4\/heparin IgM antibodies after polymicrobial sepsis. In conclusion, the anti-PF4\/heparin IgM response is a potential innate immune reaction driven by a B cell population distinct from MZ B cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1160\/th15-08-0654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]],"date-time":"2015-10-15T08:07:25Z","timestamp":1444896445000},"page":"752-761","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Further insights into the anti-PF4\/heparin IgM immune 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