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These abnormalities are due, at least in part, to pulmonary vascular endothelial dysfunction that results in impaired nitric oxide availability and increased endothelin expression. In patients with chronic heart failure, the resulting pulmonary hypertension directly affects right ventricular function and may affect exercise capacity, morbidity, and mortality. New treatment strategies, which include the use of agents that increase nitric oxide availability or oppose the actions of endothelin, may improve the structure and function of the pulmonary vasculature in patients with chronic heart failure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.102.14.1718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,11]],"date-time":"2012-06-11T20:42:29Z","timestamp":1339447349000},"page":"1718-1723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":329,"title":["Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Denzil L.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Section, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson S.","family":"Colucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Section, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Givertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Section, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","unstructured":"Grossman W. 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