{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T09:58:53Z","timestamp":1794045533411,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\u2014Opioid-addicted patients undergoing detoxification provide a unique opportunity to assess the effects of chronic opioid receptor stimulation on the sympathetic nervous system. We tested the hypothesis that chronic oral methadone intake decreases resting efferent sympathetic nerve activity to muscle (MSA). Furthermore, we assessed whether this effect is reversed by \u03bc-opioid receptor blockade during antagonist-supported detoxification under general anesthesia.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\u2014Fifteen young patients (30\u00b11 years old, mean\u00b1SEM) with a long history of mono-opioid addiction and under oral methadone substitution therapy (65\u00b110 mg\/d for 21\u00b16 months) were selected. Peroneal MSA (microneurography) and catecholamine plasma concentrations (high-performance liquid chromatography) were assessed in the awake state and compared with those of age-matched healthy control subjects. The effects of \u03bc-opioid receptor blockade by naloxone (12.4 mg IV) were determined during propofol anesthesia. Compared with healthy volunteers, resting MSA (4\u00b12 versus 22\u00b12 bursts\/min,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001) and antecubital venous norepinephrine plasma concentration (100\u00b164 versus 256\u00b148 pg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.01) were markedly decreased in addicted patients despite similar arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Opioid receptor blockade markedly increased MSA (5\u00b12 to 24\u00b13 bursts\/min) and norepinephrine (49\u00b112 to 305\u00b148 pg\/mL) and epinephrine (13\u00b12 to 482\u00b167 pg\/mL) arterial plasma concentrations as well as mean arterial pressure (82\u00b14 to 108\u00b13 mm Hg) and heart rate (70\u00b13 to 86\u00b14 beats\/min).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\u2014Chronic \u03bc-opioid receptor stimulation by methadone decreases resting MSA in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.103.6.850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:09:32Z","timestamp":1339459772000},"page":"850-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Chronic \u03bc-Opioid Receptor Stimulation in Humans Decreases Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Kienbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Abteilung fu\u0308r Ana\u0308sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin (P.K., T.H., J.P.), Biochemisches Forschungslabor (M.C.M.), and Klinik fu\u0308r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (N.S., M.G.), Universita\u0308tsklinikum Essen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Heuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Abteilung fu\u0308r Ana\u0308sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin (P.K., T.H., J.P.), Biochemisches Forschungslabor (M.C.M.), and Klinik fu\u0308r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (N.S., M.G.), Universita\u0308tsklinikum Essen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C.","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Abteilung fu\u0308r Ana\u0308sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin (P.K., T.H., J.P.), Biochemisches Forschungslabor (M.C.M.), and Klinik fu\u0308r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (N.S., M.G.), Universita\u0308tsklinikum Essen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Scherbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Abteilung fu\u0308r Ana\u0308sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin (P.K., T.H., J.P.), Biochemisches Forschungslabor (M.C.M.), and Klinik fu\u0308r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (N.S., M.G.), Universita\u0308tsklinikum Essen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Gastpar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Abteilung fu\u0308r Ana\u0308sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin (P.K., T.H., J.P.), Biochemisches Forschungslabor (M.C.M.), and Klinik fu\u0308r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (N.S., M.G.), Universita\u0308tsklinikum Essen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju\u0308rgen","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Abteilung fu\u0308r Ana\u0308sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin (P.K., T.H., J.P.), Biochemisches Forschungslabor (M.C.M.), and Klinik fu\u0308r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (N.S., M.G.), Universita\u0308tsklinikum Essen, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"417","volume":"22","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thor\u00e9n P, Floras JS, Hoffmann P, et al. 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