{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:22:06Z","timestamp":1790194926622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:italic>\n The measurement of left ventricular mass (LVM) is important because individuals with increased LVM are at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. There are limited longitudinal data on the acquisition of LVM in children and young adults and the relative importance of sex, growth, excess body weight, and blood pressure (BP) on change in LVM.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n The study cohort consisted of a cross section of 160 healthy children and young adults 9 to 22 years of age at first exam in the biracial community of Bogalusa, La. All had stable BP levels recorded over a 2- to 3-year period. Repeated examinations were performed 4 to 5 years apart. At each exam, 6 BPs were obtained with a mercury sphygmomanometer by trained examiners. The mean of the observations was used, with the fourth Korotkoff phase serving as the measure of diastolic BP. Anthropometric data, including height (HT), weight (WT), and triceps skin fold thickness (TSF), were also obtained, and M-mode echocardiograms were performed. Ponderal index (PI=WT\/HT\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) was used as a measure of weight-for-height. Tracking of HT (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.68 to .76), WT (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.73 to .82), PI (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.77 to .89), TSF (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.70 to .80), BP (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.47 to .60), and LVM (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.40 to .70) was strong in both sexes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.0001). LVM indexed for linear growth (LVM\/HT\n 2.7<\/jats:sup>\n ) tracked in females (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.56,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.0001) but not in males. In univariate cross-sectional analyses, LVM\/HT\n 2.7<\/jats:sup>\n correlated with WT, PI, and TSF in both sexes (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.21 to .60,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05) and with systolic BP (SBP) in females (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.23,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05). WT was the only independent correlate of LVM\/HT\n 2.7<\/jats:sup>\n in both sexes in multivariate cross-sectional analysis in a model containing age, SBP, WT, and TSF as independent variables (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =.08 to .28,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.02). In longitudinal univariate analyses, initial measurements of WT, PI, and TSF predicted final LVM\/HT\n 2.7<\/jats:sup>\n in both sexes (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.28 to .56,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.01), and SBP was significant for females (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.27,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05). In multivariate analyses, initial WT was associated with final LVM and LVM\/HT\n 2.7<\/jats:sup>\n in both sexes (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =.27 to .54,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.01). Finally, baseline LVM correlated with final SBP in both sexes (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.21 to .27,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05), and initial LVM\/HT\n 2.7<\/jats:sup>\n correlated with final SBP in females (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.26,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.05) with a trend for males (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =.17).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n These data indicate that linear growth is the major determinant of cardiac growth in children and that excess weight may lead to the acquisition of LVM beyond that expected from normal growth. Increased mass may also precede the development of increased BP. The development of obesity may therefore be a significant, and possibly modifiable, risk factor for developing left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension, risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.91.9.2400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:34:42Z","timestamp":1339461282000},"page":"2400-2406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Effect of Body Size, Ponderosity, and Blood Pressure on Left Ventricular Growth in Children and Young Adults in the Bogalusa Heart Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Elaine M.","family":"Urbina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, La, and Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Ill (S.S.G., K.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Gidding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, La, and Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Ill (S.S.G., K.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihang","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, La, and Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Ill (S.S.G., K.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur S.","family":"Pickoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, La, and Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Ill (S.S.G., K.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaliope","family":"Berdusis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, La, and Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Ill (S.S.G., K.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald S.","family":"Berenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, La, and Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Ill (S.S.G., K.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005313222203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-2-173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.59.4.154367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(88)80060-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.62.5.7418156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"60","volume":"13","year":"1992","unstructured":"Morales MC, Gleim GW, Marino ND, Stachenfeld NS, Coplan NL. Left ventricular mass in adolescent basketball players. Cardiovasc Rev Reports. 1992;13:60-62.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Rev Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Friedman WF. Aortic stenosis. In: Adams FH Emmanouilides GC Riemenschneider TA eds. Moss\u2019 Heart Disease in Infants Children and Adolescents. Baltimore Md: Williams & Wilkens; 1989:224-255."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(88)90467-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.5.703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Gardin JM Wagenknecht LE Anton-Culver H Flack J Gidding S Wong ND Manolio TA. Relationship of race sex systolic blood pressure levels and body mass to left ventricular mass in healthy young adults: the CARDIA Study. Circulation. 1991;84(suppl II):II-34. Abstract."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90385-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.75.1.2947739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.58.6.1072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(83)80100-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.79.1.29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallerson DC Devereux RB. Reproducibility of echocardiographic left ventricular measurements. Hypertension. 1987;9(suppl II):II-6-II-18.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.9.2_Pt_2.II6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Feigenbaum H. Echocardiography. Philadelphia Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1994."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devereux RB. Detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by M-mode echocardiography: anatomic validation standardization and comparison to other methods. Hypertension. 1987;9(suppl II):II-19- II-26.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.9.2_Pt_2.II19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"SAS\/STAT User\u2019s Guide. Cary NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1989."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4079.1201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Steinberger J Bass JL Berry JM Gomez-Marin O Rocchini AP Sinaiko AR. Obesity and female sex influence left ventricular size in children with high normal blood pressure. Circulation. 1993;88(suppl I):I-98. Abstract."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.3.6.669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(83)90287-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.85.5.1572024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/6.6.505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90361-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.23.5.600"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.12.2.206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"Devereux RB Pickering TG. Relationship between the level pattern and variability of ambulatory blood pressure and target organ damage in hypertension. J Hypertens. 1991;9(suppl 8):S34-S38."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-3-202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culpepper WS Sodt PC Messerli FH Ruschhaupt DG Arcilla RA. Cardiac status in juvenile borderline hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1983;981-987.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-1-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardin JM Savage DD Ware JH Henry WL. Effect of age sex and body surface area on echocardiographic left ventricular wall mass in normal subjects. Hypertension. 1987;9(suppl II):II-36-II-39.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.9.2_Pt_2.II36"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(88)80061-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)91133-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savage DD Garrison RJ Kannel WB Anderson SJ Feinleib M Castelli WP. Considerations in the use of echocardiography in epidemiology: the Framingham Study. Hypertension. 1987;9(suppl II):II-40-II-44.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.9.2_Pt_2.II40"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"Devereux RB Pickering TG. Relationship between ambulatory or exercise blood pressure and left ventricular structure: prognostic implications. J Hypertens. 1990;8(suppl 6):S125-S134."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.67.5.6219830"}],"container-title":["Circulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.CIR.91.9.2400","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T15:47:15Z","timestamp":1715528835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/01.CIR.91.9.2400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/01.CIR.91.9.2400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.91.9.2400","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1994-07-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1994-11-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1995-05-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}