{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:46:47Z","timestamp":1787802407377,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n            Intracellular magnesium ([Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            ) plays an important role in the regulation of myocardial metabolism, contractility, and the maintenance of transsarcolemmal and intracellular ionic gradients. An understanding of the role of magnesium in the clinical setting, however, is hampered by the lack of an assay of intracellular tissue magnesium levels.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n            We used energy-dispersive x-ray analysis to measure [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            in sublingual epithelial cells and to correlate the level with those in atrial biopsy specimens from the same patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. Levels were also measured in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients before and after intravenous magnesium sulfate administration and compared with those from intensive care unit (ICU) patients and healthy individuals. A strong correlation between sublingual epithelial cell (mean, 32.1\u00b10.3 mEq\/L) and atrial tissue (mean, 32.1\u00b10.3 mEq\/L) [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            was present in 18 cardiac surgery patients (\n            <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n            =.68,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt;.002). Epithelial and atrial [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            levels were lower than in healthy individuals (33.7\u00b10.5 mEq\/L,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt;.01) studied at that time and correlated poorly with serum magnesium. Mean [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            in 22 AMI patients was 30.7\u00b10.4 mEq\/L, which was significantly lower than in 21 ICU patients and 15 healthy individuals (35.0\u00b10.5 mEq\/L and 34.5\u00b10.7 mEq\/L, respectively,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt;.001). Intravenous magnesium sulfate was administered to most of the AMI patients (mean dose, 36\u00b16 mmol). [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            rose significantly in the AMI patients over the first 24 hours, and the magnitude of the increase was greater in those who received higher doses of intravenous magnesium sulfate.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            Sublingual epithelial cell [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            correlates well with atrial [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            but not with serum magnesium. [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            levels are low in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and those with AMI. Intravenous magnesium sulfate corrects low [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            levels in AMI patients. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis determination of sublingual cell [Mg]\n            <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n            may expedite the investigation of the role of magnesium deficiency in heart disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.92.8.2190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:34:42Z","timestamp":1339461282000},"page":"2190-2197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Noninvasive Measurement of Tissue Magnesium and Correlation With Cardiac Levels"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Mark C.P.","family":"Haigney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (M.C.P.H., H.S.S., E.S., G.G., S.P.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital (E.T.), Baltimore, Md; the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (M.C.P.H.); Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc, Foster City, Calif (B.S.); and the Department of Cardiac Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (J.D.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burton","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (M.C.P.H., H.S.S., E.S., G.G., S.P.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital (E.T.), Baltimore, Md; the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (M.C.P.H.); Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc, Foster City, Calif (B.S.); and the Department of Cardiac Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (J.D.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Tanglao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (M.C.P.H., H.S.S., E.S., G.G., S.P.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital (E.T.), Baltimore, Md; the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (M.C.P.H.); Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc, Foster City, Calif (B.S.); and the Department of Cardiac Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (J.D.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard S.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (M.C.P.H., H.S.S., E.S., G.G., S.P.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital (E.T.), Baltimore, Md; the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (M.C.P.H.); Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc, Foster City, Calif (B.S.); and the Department of Cardiac Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (J.D.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Donald","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (M.C.P.H., H.S.S., E.S., G.G., S.P.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital (E.T.), Baltimore, Md; the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (M.C.P.H.); Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc, Foster City, Calif (B.S.); and the Department of Cardiac Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (J.D.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (M.C.P.H., H.S.S., E.S., G.G., S.P.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital (E.T.), Baltimore, Md; the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (M.C.P.H.); Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc, Foster City, Calif (B.S.); and the Department of Cardiac Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (J.D.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Gerstenblith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (M.C.P.H., H.S.S., E.S., G.G., S.P.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital (E.T.), Baltimore, Md; the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (M.C.P.H.); Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc, Foster City, Calif (B.S.); and the Department of Cardiac Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (J.D.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Schulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (M.C.P.H., H.S.S., E.S., G.G., S.P.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Good Samaritan Hospital (E.T.), Baltimore, Md; the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (M.C.P.H.); Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc, Foster City, Calif (B.S.); and the Department of Cardiac Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (J.D.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90633-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1960.03020170028007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196904102801504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"5","volume":"4","year":"1985","unstructured":"Durlach J, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Magnesium level in drinking water and cardiovascular risk factor: a hypothesis. Magnesium. 1985;4:5-15.","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"155","volume":"105","year":"1971","unstructured":"Anderson TW, LeRiche WH. Sudden death from ischemic heart disease in Ontario and its correlation with water hardness and other factors. Can Med Assoc J. 1971;105:155-160.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Allen HAJ. An Investigation of Water Hardness Calcium and Magnesium in Relation to Mortality in Ontario. Ontario Canada: University of Waterloo; 1972. Thesis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"190","volume":"9","year":"1981","unstructured":"Karppanen H. Epidemiological studies on the relationship between magnesium intake and cardiovascular diseases. Artery. 1981;9:190-199.","journal-title":"Artery"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"82","volume":"4","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bloom S. Coronary artery lesions in Mg-deficient hamsters. Magnesium. 1985;4:82-95.","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/27.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"341","volume":"36","year":"1984","unstructured":"Davis WH, Leary WP, Reyes AJ, Olhaberry JV. Monotherapy with magnesium increases abnormally low high density lipoprotein cholesterol: a clinical assay. Curr Ther Res. 1984;36:341-346.","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.106.5.767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1666898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"299","volume":"23","year":"1972","unstructured":"Stevenson MM, Yoder I. Studies of platelet aggregation, plasma adenosine diphosphate breakdown, and blood coagulation in magnesium deficient calves and rats. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1972;23:299-305.","journal-title":"Thromb Diath Haemorrh"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"225","volume":"6","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gertz SD, Wajnberg RS, Kurgan A, Uretzky G. Effect of magnesium sulfate on thrombus formation following partial arterial constriction: implications for coronary vasospasm. Magnesium. 1987;6:225-235.","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"144","volume":"5","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cohen L, Kitzes R. Prompt termination and\/or prevention of cold-pressor-stimulation-induced vasoconstriction of different beds by magnesium sulfate in patients with Prinzmetal\u2019s angina. Magnesium. 1986;5:144-149.","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(89)90272-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"346","volume":"3","year":"1984","unstructured":"Morton BC, Nair RC, Smith FM, McKibbon TG, Poznanski WJ. Magnesium therapy in acute myocardial infarction: a double blind study. Magnesium. 1984;3:346-352.","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(86)90239-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960110604"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(90)90834-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/12.11.1215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370040135023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(89)90027-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91828-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"I","volume":"88","year":"1993","unstructured":"ISIS Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: randomized study of intravenous magnesium in over 50 000 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1993;88:I-292. Abstract.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380020073013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519209115523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329303000104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"40","volume":"42","year":"1983","unstructured":"Silver BB, Silver SL. Screening test for tissue calcium and magnesium in animals and human subjects. Fed Proc. 1983;42:40. Abstract.","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/res.71.1.1606659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000174397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1982.tb00415.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1978.tb08438.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5827.620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1321495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.8.2560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(92)90086-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80048-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1987.10720199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(94)90514-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(89)90218-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.77.2.3338130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"823","volume":"138","year":"1983","unstructured":"Iseri LT, Chung P, Tobis J. Magnesium therapy for intractable ventricular tachyarrhythmias in normomagnesic patients. West J Med. 1983;138:823-829.","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.80.3.2766510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14017439109098102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"205","volume":"10","year":"1992","unstructured":"Coghlan HC, Natello G. Erythrocyte magnesium in symptomatic patients with primary mitral valve prolapse: relationship to symptoms, mitral leaflet thickness, joint hypermobility, and autonomic regulation. Magn Trace Elem. 1992;10:205-214.","journal-title":"Magn Trace Elem"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"367","volume":"33","year":"1974","unstructured":"Polimeni PI, Page E. Magnesium in heart muscle. Circ Res. 1974;33:367-374.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35825-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1053-0770(91)90274-W"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(91)90918-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1994.266.1.C222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/res.72.6.8495544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7361117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1666898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92024-9"}],"container-title":["Circulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.CIR.92.8.2190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T15:33:06Z","timestamp":1715527986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/01.CIR.92.8.2190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,10,15]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,10,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/01.CIR.92.8.2190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.92.8.2190","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1994-06-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1995-05-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1995-10-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}