{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:19:08Z","timestamp":1791209948943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n            The countercurrent arrangement of capillary blood flow in the medulla of mammalian kidneys generates a gradient of oxygen tension between the renal cortex and the papillary tip that results in a state of relative hypoxia within the renal medulla. Exploration of the pathophysiological implications of medullary hypoxia has been hampered by the absence of a noninvasive technique to estimate intrarenal oxygenation in different zones of the kidney. In the present study, we demonstrate the feasibility of such a method on the basis of blood oxygenation level\u2013dependent (BOLD) MRI, which allows sequential measurements in humans in response to a variety of physiological\/pharmacological stimuli in health and disease.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n            BOLD MRI measurements were obtained in healthy young human subjects (n=7), and the effects of three different pharmacological\/physiological maneuvers that induce diuresis were studied. Spin-spin relaxation rate, R\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            *, was measured, which is directly related to the amount of deoxyhemoglobin in blood and in turn to tissue P\n            <jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc>\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            . Furosemide but not acetazolamide (n=6 each) increased medullary oxygenation (\u0394R\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            *=7.62 Hz;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt;.01), consistent with the separate sites of action of these diuretics in the nephron and with previous direct measurements of their effects in anesthetized rats with oxygen microelectrodes. A new finding is that water diuresis improves medullary oxygenation (\u0394R\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            *=6.43 Hz;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt;.01) in young human subjects (n=5).\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            BOLD MRI can be used to monitor changes in intrarenal oxygenation in humans in a noninvasive fashion.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.94.12.3271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:34:42Z","timestamp":1339461282000},"page":"3271-3275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":361,"title":["Noninvasive Evaluation of Intrarenal Oxygenation With BOLD MRI"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Pottumarthi V.","family":"Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"the Departments of Radiology and Medicine (F.H.E.), Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Edelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Departments of Radiology and Medicine (F.H.E.), Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franklin H.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Departments of Radiology and Medicine (F.H.E.), Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503093321006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1984.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1994.267.6.F1059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.22.4.210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1940070103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"12","volume":"21","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kundel HL, Schlakman B, Joseph PM, Fishman JE, Summers R. 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