{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:15:51Z","timestamp":1787062551913,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    Cardiomyopathy (CM) remains one of the leading cardiac causes of death in children, although in the majority of cases, the cause is unknown. To have an impact on morbidity and mortality, attention must shift to etiology-specific treatments. The diagnostic evaluation of children with CM of genetic origin is complicated by the large number of rare genetic causes, the broad range of clinical presentations, and the array of specialized diagnostic tests and biochemical assays.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    We present a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach to pediatric CM of genetic etiology. We specify criteria for abnormal left ventricular systolic performance and structure that suggest CM based on established normal echocardiographic measurements and list other indications to consider an evaluation for CM. We provide a differential diagnosis of genetic conditions associated with CM, classified as inborn errors of metabolism, malformation syndromes, neuromuscular diseases, and familial isolated CM disorders. A diagnostic strategy is offered that is based on the clinical presentation: biochemical abnormalities, encephalopathy, dysmorphic features or multiple malformations, neuromuscular disease, apparently isolated CM, and pathological specimen findings. Adjunctive treatment measures are recommended for severely ill patients in whom a metabolic cause of CM is suspected. A protocol is provided for the evaluation of moribund patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    In summary, we hope to assist pediatric cardiologists and other subspecialists in the evaluation of children with CM for a possible genetic cause using a presentation-based approach. This should increase the percentage of children with CM for whom a diagnosis can be established, with important implications for treatment, prognosis, and genetic counseling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.94.8.2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,11]],"date-time":"2012-06-11T20:34:42Z","timestamp":1339446882000},"page":"2021-2038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Clinical Approach to Genetic Cardiomyopathy in Children"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Marcy L.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Cardiology (M.L.S., R.V.L., S.E.L.), Division of Genetics, Inborn Errors of Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine (G.F.C., M.S.K.), and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; and Department of Pediatrics (M.L.S., G.F.C., M.S.K., R.V.L., S.E.L.) and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald F.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Cardiology (M.L.S., R.V.L., S.E.L.), Division of Genetics, Inborn Errors of Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine (G.F.C., M.S.K.), and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; and Department of Pediatrics (M.L.S., G.F.C., M.S.K., R.V.L., S.E.L.) and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela E.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Cardiology (M.L.S., R.V.L., S.E.L.), Division of Genetics, Inborn Errors of Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine (G.F.C., M.S.K.), and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; and Department of Pediatrics (M.L.S., G.F.C., M.S.K., R.V.L., S.E.L.) and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Korson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Cardiology (M.L.S., R.V.L., S.E.L.), Division of Genetics, Inborn Errors of Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine (G.F.C., M.S.K.), and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; and Department of Pediatrics (M.L.S., G.F.C., M.S.K., R.V.L., S.E.L.) and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Perez-Atayde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Cardiology (M.L.S., R.V.L., S.E.L.), Division of Genetics, Inborn Errors of Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine (G.F.C., M.S.K.), and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; and Department of Pediatrics (M.L.S., G.F.C., M.S.K., R.V.L., S.E.L.) and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald V.","family":"Lacro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Cardiology (M.L.S., R.V.L., S.E.L.), Division of Genetics, Inborn Errors of Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine (G.F.C., M.S.K.), and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; and Department of Pediatrics (M.L.S., G.F.C., M.S.K., R.V.L., S.E.L.) and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Lipshultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Cardiology (M.L.S., R.V.L., S.E.L.), Division of Genetics, Inborn Errors of Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine (G.F.C., M.S.K.), and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; and Department of Pediatrics (M.L.S., G.F.C., M.S.K., R.V.L., S.E.L.) and Department of Pathology (A.P.-A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.31.789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90833-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80319-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"187A","volume":"27","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kumar K, Thatai D, Saxena A, Srinivas V, Juneja R, Kothari SS, Shrivastava S, Lipshultz SE. 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