{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:35:18Z","timestamp":1773257718556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n            Despite the increasing application of cardiac transplantation in infants, reported survival rates vary, and risk factors for death are poorly understood.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n            To examine early survival and risk factors for death in infants (&lt;1 year of age) undergoing cardiac transplantation, 141 infants (36 &lt;1 month of age) underwent primary cardiac transplantation between January 1, 1993, and January 1, 1995, at 23 centers in the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study (PHTS). Diagnoses were hypoplastic left heart syndrome (66%), other congenital heart disease (17%), cardiomyopathy (14%), and other (3%). Actuarial survival after cardiac transplantation was 84% at 1 month, 70% at 1 year, and 69% at 2 years, with the greatest hazard for death within the first 3 months. The principal cause of death was early graft failure in 20 patients (52% of deaths), infection in 10 (26% of deaths), and rejection in 4 (10%). On the basis of multivariate analysis, risk factors for early mortality were history of previous sternotomy (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            =.0003), nonidentical blood type donor (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            =.01), recipient non\u2013blood group A (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            =.02), and donor cause of death other than closed head trauma (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            =.04). Diagnosis at listing, waiting time (mean, 1.3 months), graft ischemic time (mean, 228 minutes; range, 68 to 479 minutes), and recipient ventilatory or inotropic support at listing were not predictive for mortality after transplant.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            The higher mortality rate observed with infant heart transplantation is due to a higher mortality within the first month after transplantation as a result of early graft failure. Strategies to improve donor heart function at implantation would have the greatest impact on survival after infant cardiac transplantation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.96.1.227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:41:02Z","timestamp":1339461662000},"page":"227-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Survival and Risk Factors for Death After Cardiac Transplantation in Infants"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Canter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Washington University (C.C.), St Louis, Mo; University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.N., J.K.); Indiana University (R. Caldwell) (Indianapolis); Loma Linda University (R. Chinnock) Loma Linda, Calif; Northwestern University (E.P.), Chicago, Ill; Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital (E.F.), Little Rock; University of Colorado (M.B.) (Denver); and Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan (R.M.) (Detroit)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Naftel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Washington University (C.C.), St Louis, Mo; University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.N., J.K.); Indiana University (R. Caldwell) (Indianapolis); Loma Linda University (R. Chinnock) Loma Linda, Calif; Northwestern University (E.P.), Chicago, Ill; Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital (E.F.), Little Rock; University of Colorado (M.B.) (Denver); and Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan (R.M.) (Detroit)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randall","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Washington University (C.C.), St Louis, Mo; University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.N., J.K.); Indiana University (R. Caldwell) (Indianapolis); Loma Linda University (R. Chinnock) Loma Linda, Calif; Northwestern University (E.P.), Chicago, Ill; Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital (E.F.), Little Rock; University of Colorado (M.B.) (Denver); and Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan (R.M.) (Detroit)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Chinnock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Washington University (C.C.), St Louis, Mo; University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.N., J.K.); Indiana University (R. Caldwell) (Indianapolis); Loma Linda University (R. Chinnock) Loma Linda, Calif; Northwestern University (E.P.), Chicago, Ill; Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital (E.F.), Little Rock; University of Colorado (M.B.) (Denver); and Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan (R.M.) (Detroit)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elfriede","family":"Pahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Washington University (C.C.), St Louis, Mo; University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.N., J.K.); Indiana University (R. Caldwell) (Indianapolis); Loma Linda University (R. Chinnock) Loma Linda, Calif; Northwestern University (E.P.), Chicago, Ill; Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital (E.F.), Little Rock; University of Colorado (M.B.) (Denver); and Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan (R.M.) (Detroit)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Washington University (C.C.), St Louis, Mo; University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.N., J.K.); Indiana University (R. Caldwell) (Indianapolis); Loma Linda University (R. Chinnock) Loma Linda, Calif; Northwestern University (E.P.), Chicago, Ill; Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital (E.F.), Little Rock; University of Colorado (M.B.) (Denver); and Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan (R.M.) (Detroit)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kirklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Washington University (C.C.), St Louis, Mo; University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.N., J.K.); Indiana University (R. Caldwell) (Indianapolis); Loma Linda University (R. Chinnock) Loma Linda, Calif; Northwestern University (E.P.), Chicago, Ill; Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital (E.F.), Little Rock; University of Colorado (M.B.) (Denver); and Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan (R.M.) (Detroit)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Boucek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Washington University (C.C.), St Louis, Mo; University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.N., J.K.); Indiana University (R. Caldwell) (Indianapolis); Loma Linda University (R. Chinnock) Loma Linda, Calif; Northwestern University (E.P.), Chicago, Ill; Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital (E.F.), Little Rock; University of Colorado (M.B.) (Denver); and Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan (R.M.) (Detroit)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Washington University (C.C.), St Louis, Mo; University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.N., J.K.); Indiana University (R. Caldwell) (Indianapolis); Loma Linda University (R. Chinnock) Loma Linda, Calif; Northwestern University (E.P.), Chicago, Ill; Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital (E.F.), Little Rock; University of Colorado (M.B.) (Denver); and Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan (R.M.) (Detroit)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(68)90173-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510240056032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)36652-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Canter CE Moorhead S Huddleston CB Spray TL. Restrictive atrial septal communication as a determinant of outcome of cardiac transplantation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation. 1993;88(suppl II):II-456-II-460."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"1995 Annual Report of the US Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients and the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network: Transplant Data: 1988-1994. Richmond Va: UNOS\/Rockville Md: Division of Transplantation Bureau of Health Resources Development Health Resources and Services Administration US Department of Health and Human Services; 1995."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"805","volume":"14","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hosenpud JD, Novick RJ, Breen TJ, Keck B, Daily OP. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twelfth official report: 1995. J Heart Lung Transplant.. 1995;14:805-815.","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)34154-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"824","volume":"12","year":"1993","unstructured":"Boucek MM, Mathis CM, Kanakriyeh MS, Hodgkin DD, Boucek RJ Jr, Bailey LL. Serial echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac graft rejection after infant heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant.. 1993;12:824-831.","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(94)90440-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinnock RE Larsen RL Emery JR Bailey LL. Pretransplant risk factors and causes of death or graft loss after heart transplantation during early infancy. Circulation. 1995;92(suppl II):II-206-II-209.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.9.206"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478314"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Shaddy RE Naftel DC Kirklin JK Boyle G McGiffin DC Towbin J Ring WS Pearce B Addonezio L Morrow WR. Outcome of cardiac transplantation in children: survival in a contemporary multi-institutional experience. Circulation. 1996;94(pt 2):II-69-II-73."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"549","volume":"12","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bourge RC, Naftel DC, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Kirklin JK, Young JB, Kubo SH, Oliveri MT, Kasper EK. Pretransplantation risk factors for death after heart transplantation: a multi-institutional study: the Transplant Cardiologists Research Database Group. J Heart Lung Transplant.. 1993;12:549-562.","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.90.6.7994800"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(94)70372-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"1116","volume":"14","year":"1995","unstructured":"Collins MH, Davagh RK, Caldwell RL, Turentine MW, Brown JW. Short-term survivors of pediatric heart transplantation: an autopsy study of their pulmonary vascular disease. J Heart Lung Transplant.. 1995;14:1116-1125.","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"558","volume":"14","year":"1995","unstructured":"Morrow R, Naftel D, Chinnock R, Canter C, Boucek M, Zales V, McGiffen D, Kirklin J, and the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study (PHTS) Group. Outcome of listing for cardiac transplantation in infants (age <6 months): predictors of death and interval to transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant.. 1995;14:558.","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant."}],"container-title":["Circulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.CIR.96.1.227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T16:13:46Z","timestamp":1715530426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/01.CIR.96.1.227"}},"subtitle":["A Multi-institutional Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/01.CIR.96.1.227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.96.1.227","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1996-09-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1997-02-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1997-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}