{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:16:25Z","timestamp":1790972185057,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    Recently, we developed a goat model of chronic atrial fibrillation (AF). Due to AF, the atrial effective refractory period (AERP) shortened and its physiological rate adaptation inversed, whereas the rate and stability of AF increased. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of (1) the autonomic nervous system, (2) ischemia, (3) stretch, (4) atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), and (5) rapid atrial pacing in this process of electrical remodeling.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    Twenty-five goats were chronically instrumented with multiple epicardial atrial electrodes. Infusion of atropine (1.0 mg\/kg; n=6) or propranolol (0.6 mg\/kg; n=6) did not abolish the AF-induced shortening of AERP or interval (AFI). Blockade of K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sub>ATP<\/jats:sub>\n                    channels by glibenclamide (10 \u03bcmol\/kg; n=6) slightly increased the AFI from 95\u00b14 to 101\u00b15 ms, but AFI remained considerably shorter than during acute AF (145 ms). Glibenclamide had no significant effect on AERP after electrical cardioversion of AF (69\u00b114 versus 75\u00b115 ms). Volume loading by 0.5 to 1.0 L of Hemaccel (n=12) did not shorten AERP. The median plasma level of ANF increased from 42 to 99 pg\/mL after 1 to 4 weeks of AF (n=6), but ANF infusion (0.1 to 3.1 \u03bcg\/min, n=4) did not shorten AERP. Rapid atrial pacing (24 to 48 hours; n=10) progressively shortened AERP from 134\u00b110 to 105\u00b16 ms and inversed its physiological rate adaptation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    Electrical remodeling by AF is not mediated by changes in autonomic tone, ischemia, stretch, or ANF. The high rate of electrical activation itself provides the stimulus for the AF-induced changes in AERP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.96.10.3710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,11]],"date-time":"2012-06-11T20:41:02Z","timestamp":1339447262000},"page":"3710-3720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":251,"title":["Electrical Remodeling due to Atrial Fibrillation in Chronically Instrumented Conscious Goats"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Maurits C. E. F.","family":"Wijffels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles J. H. 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