{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T03:53:56Z","timestamp":1778903636935,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014Population-based case-control studies to assess the relationship of low-dose oral contraceptive (OC) use with myocardial infarction (MI) were performed at 2 sites in the United States (California and Washington state). The purpose of the present study was to estimate risk of MI in relation to use of low-dose OCs in a pooled analysis combining results from the 2 sites.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014The study included as cases women aged 18 to 44 years with incident MI who had no prior history of ischemic heart disease or cerebrovascular disease. Women in the case and control groups were interviewed in person regarding OC use and cardiovascular risk factors. The analysis included 271 MI cases and 993 controls. Compared with noncurrent users, the adjusted pooled odds ratio for MI in current OC users was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.44, 2.20) after adjustment for major risk factors and sociodemographic factors. Compared with never users, the adjusted pooled odds ratio for MI was 0.56 (0.21, 1.49) in current OC users and 0.54 (0.31, 0.95) in past OC users. Among past OC users, duration and recency of use were unrelated to MI risk as was current hormone replacement therapy. There was no evidence of interaction between OC use and age, presence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes), obesity, or smoking.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014We conclude that low-dose OCs as used in these populations are safe with respect to risk of MI in women.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.98.11.1058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:41:02Z","timestamp":1339461662000},"page":"1058-1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Myocardial Infarction and Use of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sidney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California, Oakland (S.S., C.P.Q.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (D.S.S., S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (D.S.S, S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K), Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (D.S.S.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.E.R.), University of Washington,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Siscovick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California, Oakland (S.S., C.P.Q.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (D.S.S., S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (D.S.S, S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K), Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (D.S.S.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.E.R.), University of Washington,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana B.","family":"Petitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California, Oakland (S.S., C.P.Q.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (D.S.S., S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (D.S.S, S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K), Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (D.S.S.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.E.R.), University of Washington,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California, Oakland (S.S., C.P.Q.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (D.S.S., S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (D.S.S, S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K), Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (D.S.S.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.E.R.), University of Washington,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles P.","family":"Quesenberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California, Oakland (S.S., C.P.Q.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (D.S.S., S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (D.S.S, S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K), Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (D.S.S.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.E.R.), University of Washington,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce M.","family":"Psaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California, Oakland (S.S., C.P.Q.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (D.S.S., S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (D.S.S, S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K), Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (D.S.S.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.E.R.), University of Washington,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trivellore E.","family":"Raghunathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California, Oakland (S.S., C.P.Q.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (D.S.S., S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (D.S.S, S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K), Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (D.S.S.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.E.R.), University of Washington,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kelaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California, Oakland (S.S., C.P.Q.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (D.S.S., S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (D.S.S, S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K), Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (D.S.S.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.E.R.), University of Washington,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Koepsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Northern California, Oakland (S.S., C.P.Q.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (D.S.S., S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K.), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (D.S.S, S.M.S., B.M.P., T.D.K), Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (D.S.S.), and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (T.E.R.), University of Washington,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5965.241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5965.245"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03280410045016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112874"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198108203050802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1981.tb01311.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5599.193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5658.651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115592"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6667.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1991.tb15397.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.48.3.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(96)00351-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02358-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198811173192004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)00093-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Abtech Systems. 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